Method for expression of proteins on spore surface

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method for display of proteinson spore surface and a method for improving protein with rapidity using the same, which comprises the steps of (i) preparing a vector for spore surface display comprising a gene construct containing a gene encoding spore coat protein and a gene encoding a protein of interest, wherein, when expressed, the gene construct expresses a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the protein of interest, (ii) transforming a host cell with the vector for spore surface display; (iii) displaying the protein of interest on a surface of a spore of the host cell; and (iv) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the protein of interest.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for display of proteins on spore surface, in particular to a method for surface display using spore coat proteins as surface display motif and a high throughput method for improving protein.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

[0002] The technology of surface display in which organism displays on its surface the desired proteinaceous substance such as peptide and polypeptide has wider application fields depending on the types of protein displayed or host organism (Georgiou et al., 1993, 1997; Fischetti et al., 1993; and Schreuder et al., 1996). The gene of protein to be displayed is contained in host organism and thus the host can be selectively screened using the characteristics of the protein displayed, thereby obtaining the desired gene from the selected host with easiness. Therefore, such surface display technology can guarantee a powerful tool on molecular evolution of protein (see WO 9849286; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,500).

[0003] High-Throughput Screening

[0004] For instance, phage displaying on its surface antibody having desired binding affinity is bound to immobilized antigen and then eluted, followed by propagating the eluted phage, thereby yielding the gene coding for target antibody from phage (U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,500). The bio panning method described above can provide a tool to select target antibody by surface displaying antibody library on phage surface in large amount and comprises the consecutive steps as follows: (1) constructing library; (2) surface displaying the library; (3) binding to immobilized antigen; (4) eluting the bound phage; finally (5) propagating selected clones.

[0005] The technology of phage surface display has been found to be useful in obtaining the desired monoclonal variant form enormous library (e.g., 10⁶-10⁹ variants) and thus applied to the field of high-throughput screening of antibody. Antibody has been used in various fields such as therapy, diagnosis, analysis, etc. and thus its demand has been largely increased. In this context, there has been a need for novel antibody to have binding affinity to new substance or catalyze biochemical reaction. The hybridoma technology to produce monoclonal antibody has been conventionally used so as to satisfy the need. However, the conventional method needs high expenditure and long time for performance whereas the yield of antibody is very low. In addition to this, to screen novel antibody, more than 1010 antibody libraries is generally used, as a result, the hybridoma technology has been thought to be inadequate in finding antibody exhibiting new binding property.

[0006] Many researches has focused on novel methods which is easier and more effective that the bio panning method described above and then developed novel technologies performed in such a manner that libraries are displayed on surface of bacteria or yeast and then cells displaying target protein is sorted with flow cytometry in a high-throughput manner. According to the technology, antigen labeled with fluorescent dye is bound to surface-displaying cell and the antibody having the desired binding affinity is isolated with flow cytometry capable of analyzing more than 10⁸ cells a hour. Francisco, et al., have demonstrated the usefulness of microbial display technology by revealing that surface-displayed monoclonal antibody could be concentrated with flow cytometry at rate of more than 10⁵, finally more than 79% have been proved to be the desired cells (Daugherty et al., 1998).

[0007] Live Vaccine

[0008] The surface display technology mentioned above can display antigen or fragment thereof and hence provide a delivery system for recombinant live vaccine. Up to now, attenuated pathogens or viruses have been predominantly employed as vaccine. Particularly, the bacteria have been found to express antigen intracellularly or extracellularly or on its cell membrane, thereby delivering antigen to host cell. The surface-displayed live vaccine induces a potential immune reaction and expresses continuously antigen during propagation in host cell; therefore, it has been highlighted as novel delivery system for vaccine. In particular, pathogen-derived antigenic epitope displayed on surface of nonpathogenic E. coli or Salmonella is administered orally in viable form and then exhibits to induce immune reaction in more continuous and powerful manner (Georgiou et al., 1997; and Lee et al., 2000).

[0009] Whole Cell Bioconversion

[0010] Whole cell as biocatalyst displaying on its surface enzyme capable of catalyzing chemical reaction can avoid necessities for direct expression, isolation and stabilization of enzyme. In case of expressing enzyme in cell for bioconversion, the cell is compelled to recovery and chemical (e.g., toluene) treatment to ensure impermeability of substrate. In addition, the lasting use renders the enzyme inactive or gives a problem on transference of substrate and product, thus dropping the productivity of overall process.

[0011] The above-mentioned shortcomings can be removed using enzyme displayed on cell surface (Jung et al, 1998a: 1998b) With whole cell displaying on its surface phosphodiesterase, organophosphorous-typed parathion and paraoxon with higher toxicity can be degraded, which is a typical example representing the applicability of cells displaying enzyme to environmental purification process (Richins et al., 1997).

[0012] Antipeptide Antibody

[0013] Martineau et al. have reported a highly simple method for production of antipeptide antibody using surface display technology of E. coli (Martineau et al., 1991). As described, the desired peptide is displayed on the protruding region of MalE and outer membrane protein, LamB and then whole cell or fragmented cell is administered to animal so as to generate antipeptide antibody. The method makes it possible to produce antibody with avoiding chemical synthesis of peptide and its linkage to carrier protein.

[0014] Whole Cell Absorber

[0015] To immobilize antibody or polypeptide on suitable carrier, which is useful in absorption chromatography, several subsequent steps must be performed, for example, protein production by fermentation, isolation of protein in pure form, and immobilization on a carrier. Generally, it is difficult to prepare the bioabsorber.

[0016] As absorber, a whole cell displaying absorption protein has been developed. The whole cell absorber known mostly is Staphylococcus aureus displaying on its surface protein A naturally, which has a high binding affinity to Fc domain of mammalian antibody. Currently, novel method has been proposed to remove and recover heavy metals, which employs metallothionein or metal-absorption protein displayed on microbial cell surface in large amount (Sousa et al., 1996, 1998; and Samuelson et al., 2000). The method is more effective in removing and recovering heavy metals from contamination source in comparison with the conventional method using metal-absorption microbes.

[0017] As understood based on the matters described above, in order to display foreign protein on cell surface, a suitable surface protein and foreign protein must be linked each other in gene level to express fusion protein, and the fusion protein should pass stably across inner membrane of cell to be attached to cell surface. Preferably, the surface protein having the following characteristics is recommended as surface display motif: 1) existence of secretory signal enabling passage across inner membrane of cell, 2) existence of target signal enabling stable attachment to cell surface, 3) high expression level on cell surface, and 4) stable expression regardless of protein size (Georgiou et al., 1993).

[0018] Therefore, the surface display motif or novel recombinant protein, which meets the requirements described above, should be selected or prepared to develop novel surface display system overcoming disadvantages of the known systems. In addition, the selection of a suitable host cell to display is very pivotal.

[0019] Up to date, the developed surface display systems are as follows: phage surface display system (Chiswell and McCarferty, 1992), bacterial surface display system (Georgiou et al., 1993; Little et al., 1993; and Georgiou et al., 1997), surface display system of Gram negative bacteria (Francisco et al., 1992; Fuchs et al., 1991; Klauser et al., 1990, 1992; and Hedegaard et al., 1989), surface display system of Gram positive bacteria (Samuelson et al., 1995; Palva et al., 1994; and Sleytr and Sara, 1997), and surface display system of yeast (Ferguson, 1988; and Schreuder et al., 1996).

[0020] In the developed phage display system, the concentration of the desired clone from phage library has been found to be difficult and the antibody selected from phage library displaying has usually exhibited very low expression rate. According to a surface display system of Gram negative bacteria, the incorporation of foreign polypeptide into surface structure results in not only its steric limitation which makes it impossible to have stable membrane protein (Charbit et al., 1987; and Agterberg et al., 1990) but also drop of the stability of cell outer membrane and its viability. In addition, in surface display system of yeast, because the vector used has usually shown a low rate of transformation, which is unfavorable to surface display of library.

[0021] The surface display systems developed have been cooperatively used each other. For example, to screen antibody variant with enhanced binding affinity, a primary screening is performed using phage surface display system and additionally, the secondary screening is carried out using cell surface display system (Georgiou, 2000). However, the phage display technology is encountered to difficulty in concentration of the desired clones from phage library. The reason is that the antibody displayed on phage surface does not show the elution pattern depending exactly on its binding affinity, which is ascribed to avidity of antibody displayed on phage surface. Therefore, there remains a need of novel methods ensuring screening the desired antibody from antibody library.

[0022]E. coli as display host, which has been intensively studied, uses generally cell outer membrane protein as surface display motif. However, the over-expression of cell outer membrane protein fused to foreign protein is likely to bring about structural instability of cell outer membrane, consequently, diving the viability of host cell (Georgiou et al., 1996). To be from the shortcomings, ice-nucleation protein with no effect on viability has been used as display motif, and has been applied to bioconversion process, surface display of enzyme library and screening enzyme variants (Jung et al., 1998a, 1998b; and Kim et al., 1998, 1999, 2000).

[0023] The size of library displayed on surface depends on the transformation efficiency of host cell with vector; thus E. coli as host has an advantage in view of the size of library to be displayed. Gram positive bacteria as host are relatively rigid and permit stable display of the desired protein; however, transformation efficiency is exhibited low, which results in smaller size of library than E. coli.

[0024] The host organisms having been developed are likely to be sensitive to a variety of physiochemical treatments, which makes it impossible to select proteins displayed on surface by virtue of direct physiochemical treatment. For example, in screening a variant of antibody with enhanced binding affinity, abrupt change of pH or adjustment of the concentration of base is generally performed to elute the variant, which are found to decrease the viability of phage or bacteria in medium.

[0025] In addition, the host organisms used conventionally have a complicated and weak structure of cell surface, which drops adaptability to extreme environment such as high temperature and high pressure. To employ E. coli displaying on its surface enzyme in bioconversion reaction, the cells must have represent stability in bioconversion system. In this context, the surface of E. coli displaying on, its surface enzyme is generally subject to immobilization, which does not lead to satisfying results (Freeman et al., 1998).

[0026] As described above, the known surface display technologies, based on applying fields, have used bacteriophage, Gram negative or positive bacterium, yeast, cilium or mammalian cell as host organism and surface proteins of each organism as surface display motif. However, in the surface display methods having been developed, the host organism does not have resistance to chemicals and physiochemical change such as pH change, and displaying protein on its surface in excess leads to disadvantages in cell surface, finally reducing the viability of host cell largely (Georgiou et al., 1996).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THIS INVENTION

[0027] Under such situation, the present inventors have made intensive studies to be from the shortcoming of conventional display methods, and as a result, we have developed novel display system using a spore as host and a coat protein as motif of surface display. Surprisingly, the developed display system has been found to have excellent stability to a variety of physiochemical stresses in surrounding environment and have much broader applicability.

[0028] Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a method for displaying a protein of interest on spore surface using a system for spore surface display.

[0029] It is another object of this invention to provide a method for improving a protein of interest using a system for spore surface display.

[0030] It is still another object of this invention to provide a method for bioconversion using a system for spore surface display.

[0031] It is further object of this invention to provide a method for preparing protein microarray using a system for spore surface display.

[0032] It is still further object of this invention to provide a method producing an antibody to antigen in vertebrates using a system for spore surface display.

[0033] It is another object of this invention to provide a method for preparing a whole cell absorber using a system for spore surface display.

[0034] It is still another object of this invention to provide a microbial transformant for spore surface display of a protein of interest.

[0035] It is further object of this invention to provide a spore for spore surface display of a protein of interest.

[0036] It is still further object of this invention to provide a vector for spore surface display.

[0037] The principle of the present invention lies in the employment of microbial spore as host for surface display and spore coat protein as surface display motif. The present inventors have been compelled to select a system for spore surface display since the the spore has a following advantages (Driks, 1999): 1) a higher heat stability, 2) a significant stability to radioactivity, 3) a stability to toxins, 4) a higher stability to acid and base, 5) a significant stability to lysozyme, 6) a resistance to dryness, 7) a higher stability to organic solvents, 8) a fusion protein between a surface display motif and a protein of interest is displayed on spore surface immediately after expression without secretion in host cell, 9) no metabolic activity, and 10) shorter time for obtaining spore, e.g. within several hours.

[0038] In particular, the spore coat proteins used in this invention circumvent a necessity for passage across cell membrane, so that they do not need secretion signal and target signal which are prerequisites of surface display motif, thereby ensuring a surface display of protein such as β-galactosidase, in orderly fashion, which is difficult to pass across cell membrane.

[0039] U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,914 discloses a method of producing and purifying enzymes using fusion protein between cotC or cotD among spore coat proteins of Bacillus subtilis and lacZ as reporter. However, as disclosed, a purification method for demonstrating surface display of protein is not recognized to isolate spores specifically. Furthermore, the activity of enzyme expressed has been very low and the display of enzyme on spore surface has never been demonstrated by means of reliable methods such as biochemical, physical and immunological methods. In addition to this, the inner coat protein, cotD is enclosed by outer coat protein of 70-200 nm thickness, which makes it difficult to be exposed to spore surface. In case of fusion protein expression using outer coat protein, cotC, the activity of enzyme is increased by four-fold in comparison with that of cotD; however, the activity, 0.02 U, is considered negligible, in particular, in consideration of industrial scale. Therefore, the matter disclosed in the document above cannot be considered to use and recognize a system for spore surface display. In other words, the patent document cannot be recognized to describe a system for spore surface display. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,500 and 5,800,821 also indicate cotC and cotD as a preferable surface display motif, and therefore the patent documents cannot be recognized to describe a system for spore surface display because of the reasons mentioned above.

[0040] Furthermore, according to the purification method of spore proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,914, half of the purified resultant has been observed under microscope to have the complex forms between cells harboring spores and cell-lysis matters bound to spores (see FIG. 1; cells with blackish color and long side are those not forming spore and spores is observed to be white and circular), which has been demonstrated by the present inventors. The facts hereinabove reveals possibility to bring about the false results by measuring of the activity of reporter enzyme or analyzing of reporter enzyme with flow cytometry in vegetative cells rather than on spore surface. In contrast, the renografin gradient centrifugation as demonstrated in Examples below allows for the perfect purification of spores (see FIG. 2), thereby measuring the activity of enzyme displayed on spore surface solely.

[0041] Observations on lower enzyme activity in several documents including the patents above are likely to be resulted from the following reasons. First, it is suggested that the expression level of coat protein itself is low. The maximum expression levels of CotC and CotD are 40 and 147 Miller Units, respectively, which is considered to be largely low, in particular, in consideration of CotE of 6021 Miller Units (Zheng L and Losick R., J. Mol. Biol. 212:645-660(1990)). Furthermore, it is notable that the amount of enzyme displayed on spore surface has not been reported. Secondly, it is possible that the protein displayed on spore surface is cleaved by protease in host cell. Such suggestion is made based on the fact that at spore-forming stage of Bacillus subtilis a variety of proteases are expressed and reconstitution for spore formation is occurred. The suggestion can be demonstrated in Examples below in which a variant lack protease exhibits a much higher enzyme activity displayed on spore surface (see FIG. 7).

[0042] Using gene of GFP (green fluorescence protein) as reporter linked to cotE and spoIVA, the studies on gene expression and localization of the expressed protein in spore has been attempted (Webb et al., 1995; Lewis et al., 1996). The publications disclose that the fusion protein expressed is found in spore by means of observation under fluorescence microscope using fluorescence of GFP; however, they never describe if the fusion protein is displayed and linked on spore surface.

[0043] As another example of spore surface display using coat protein, U.S. Pat. No. 5,800,821 discloses a spore as delivery system of antigen. However, the publication does not disclose that the antigen expressed is displayed on spore surface and the spore containing antigen administered can induce immunization reaction in host.

[0044] The present inventors have recognized the shortcomings of the conventional arts described above and developed an efficient and optimized system for spore surface display, which have been confirmed by enzymological, immunological and physiochemical methods using various spore coat proteins.

[0045] In one aspect of this invention, there is provided a method for displaying a protein of interest on spore surface, which comprises the steps of: (i) preparing a vector for spore surface display comprising a gene construct containing a gene encoding spore coat protein and a gene encoding a protein of interest, wherein, when expressed, the gene construct expresses a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the protein of interest; (ii) transforming a host cell with the vector for spore surface display; (iii) displaying the protein of interest on a surface of a spore of the host cell; and (iv) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the protein of interest.

[0046] In another aspect of this invention, there is provided a method for improving a protein of interest, which comprises the steps of: (i) constructing a gene library of the protein of interest; (ii) preparing a vector by linking the gene library to a gene encoding spore coat protein; (iii) transforming a spore-forming host cell with the vector; (iv) forming a spore in the transformed host cell and displaying the protein of interest on a surface of the spore; (v) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the protein of interest; and (vi) screening the spore displaying a variant of the protein of interest having a desired property.

[0047] In still another aspect of this invention, there is provided a method for improving a protein of interest using a resistance property of spore, which comprises the steps of: (i) constructing a gene library of the protein of interest; (ii) preparing a vector by linking the gene library to a gene encoding spore coat protein; (iii) transforming a spore-forming host cell with the vector; (iv) forming a spore in the transformed host cell and displaying the protein of interest on a surface of the spore; (v) treating the spore displaying on its surface the protein of interest with one or more selected from the group consisting of organic solvent, heat, acid, base, oxidant, dryness, surfactant and protease; (vi) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the protein of interest; and (vii) screening the spore displaying a variant of the protein of interest having a resistance to the treatment.

[0048] In further aspect of this invention, there is provided a method for bioconversion, which comprises the steps of: (i) preparing a vector for spore surface display comprising a gene construct containing a gene encoding spore coat protein and a gene encoding a protein of interest conducting a bioconversion reaction, wherein, when expressed, the gene construct expresses a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the protein of interest; (ii) transforming a host cell with the vector for spore surface display; (iii) displaying the protein of interest on a surface of a spore of the host cell; (iv) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the protein of interest; and (v) performing the bioconversion reaction using the spore displaying on its surface the protein of interest.

[0049] In still further aspect of this invention, there is provided a method for preparing protein microarray, which comprises the steps of: (i) preparing a vector for spore surface display comprising a gene construct containing a gene encoding spore coat protein and a gene encoding antibody or antigen having binding affinity to a protein to be analyzed, wherein, when expressed, the gene construct expresses a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the antibody or antigen; (ii) transforming a host cell with the vector for spore surface display; (iii) displaying the antibody or antigen on a surface of a spore of the host cell; (iv) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the antibody or antigen; and (v) immobilizing onto a solid surface the spore displaying on its surface the antibody or antigen.

[0050] In another aspect of this invention, there is provided a method producing an antibody to antigen in vertebrates, which comprises the steps of: (i) preparing a vector for spore surface display comprising a gene construct containing a gene encoding spore coat protein and a gene encoding the antigen, wherein, when expressed, the gene construct expresses a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the antigen; (ii) transforming a host cell with the vector for spore surface display; (iii) displaying the antigen on a surface of a spore of the host cell; (iv) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the antigen; and (v) administering to vertebrates a composition containing an immunologically effective amount of the spore displaying on its surface the antigen.

[0051] In still another aspect of this invention, there is provided a method for preparing a whole cell absorber, which comprises the steps of: (i) preparing a vector for spore surface display comprising a gene construct containing a gene encoding spore coat protein and a gene encoding a protein having a binding affinity to a certain substance, wherein, when expressed, the gene construct expresses a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the protein; (ii) transforming a host cell with the vector for spore surface display; (iii) displaying the protein on a surface of a spore of the host cell; (iv) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the protein; and (v) immobilizing onto a carrier the spore displaying on its surface the protein.

[0052] According to preferred embodiments of this invention, the gene encoding spore coat protein is derived from a spore-forming Gram negative bacterium including Myxococcus; a spore-forming Gram positive bacterium including Bacillus; a spore-forming Actionmycete; a spore-forming yeast including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida and Hansenulla or a spore-forming fungus, but not limited to. More preferably, the gene encoding spore coat protein is derived from a spore-forming Gram positive bacterium, most preferably, Bacillus including Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus polymyxa, etc.

[0053] The gene of spore coat protein useful in this invention includes cotA, cotB, cotC, cotD (W. Donovan et al., J. Mol. Biol., 196:1-10(1987)), cotE (L. Zheng et al., Genes & Develop., 2:1047-1054(1988)), cotF (S. Cutting et al., J. Bacteriol., 173:2915-2919(1991)), cotG, cotH, cotJA, cotJC, cotK, cotL, cotM, cotS, cotT (A. Aronson et al., Mol. Microbiol., 3:437-444(1989)), cotV, cotW, cotX, cotY, cotZ (J. Zhang et al., J. Bacteriol., 175:3757-3766(1993)), spoIVA, spoVID and sodA, but not limited to.

[0054] In addition, the gene encoding spore coat protein useful in this invention is a modified form or a recombinant form of one selected from the group consisting of cotA, cotB, cotC, cotD, cotE, cotF, cotG, cotH, cotJA, cotJC, cotK, cotL, cotM, cotS, cotT, cotV, cotW, cotX, cotY, cotZ, spoIVA, spoVID and sodA, in which the modified form or the recombinant form has a more compatibility for spore surface display relative to wild type genes. The modified form of the gene is obtained by DNA shuffling method (Stemmer, Nature, 370: 389-391(1994)), StEP method (Zhao, H., et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 16: 258-261 (1998)), RPR method (Shao, Z., et al., Nucleic acids Res., 26: 681-683 (1998)), molecular breeding method (Ness, J. E., et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 17: 893-896 (1999)), ITCHY method (Lutz S. and Benkovic S., Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 11: 319-324 (2000)), error prone PCR (Cadwell, R. C. and Joyce, G. F., PCR Methods Appl., 2: 28-33 (1992)), point mutagenesis (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989), nucleotide mutagenesis (Smith M. Annu. Rev. Genet. 19: 423-462 (1985)), combinatorial cassette mutagenesis (Wells et al., Gene 34: 315-323 (1985)) and other suitable random mutagenesis.

[0055] Further to this, the gene encoding spore coat protein is selected from the group consisting of cotA, cotB, cotC, cotD, cotE, cotF, cotG, cotH, cotJA, cotJC, cotK, cotL, cotM, cotS, cotT, cotV, cotW, cotX, cotY, cotZ, spoIVA, spoVID and sodA, in which the gene has a substituted promoter for its promoter to enhance spore surface display relative to wild type genes. The promoter for enhancing surface display, for example, includes the promoters of cotE or cotG genes, which show higher expression level.

[0056] In preferred embodiments of this invention, the gene encoding spore coat protein is selected from the group consisting of cotA, cotE, cotF, cotG, cotH, cotJA, cotJC, cotK, cotL, cotM, cotS, cotT, cotV, cotW, cotX, cotY, cotZ, spoIVA, spoVID and sodA, more preferably, cotE or cotG and most preferably, cotG.

[0057] According to the present methods, as linking a gene of coat protein and a gene of the protein of interest, the overall sequence, fragments, two or more repeated sequences of the gene of coat protein are useful. In two or more repeated sequences, the repeated sequences may be the same or different each other. The overall sequence, two or more repeated sequences of the gene of the protein of interest are also useful in the fusion sequence. In two or more repeated sequences, the repeated sequences may be the same or different each other. Other combinations also may be useful in the fusion sequence.

[0058] It is understood by one skilled in the art that the gene construct may exist as plasmid in host cell independently or as integrated form into chromosome of host cell. Additionally, in the gene construct, it is recognized by one skilled in the art that the gene of coat protein may be followed or preceded by the gene of the protein of interests Integrated form into the counterpart gene may be useful.

[0059] It is recognized by one skilled in the art that the expression of the fusion protein between coat protein and protein of interest can be induced by virtue of promoters of coat protein gene and protein of interest or other suitable promoters inducible in host cell

[0060] The present methods is applicable to any protein, for example, including enzyme, enzyme inhibitor, hormone, hormone analogue, hormone receptor, signal transduction protein, antibody, monoclonal antibody, antigen, attachment protein, structural protein, regulatory protein, toxin protein, cytokine, transcription regulatory protein, blood clotting protein, plant defense-inducing protein and fragments thereof. The applicable proteins include multimer as well as monomer. The surface display of multimeric proteins has been rarely reported, for instance, the surface display of alkaline phosphatase in E. coli, has resulted the display toward inner part of cell outer membrane (Stathopoulus et al., 1996). β-galactosidase used as reporter enzyme in Examples of the present invention must form tetramer to exhibit its activity and has not been published to be successful in surface display. β-galactosidase generally cannot pass across cell membrane and comprises an amino acid sequence detrimental to cell membrane, as a result, the fusion protein between surface display motif and β-galactosidase has been recognized not to be displayed on cell surface. Therefore, the surface display of β-galactosidase described in Examples proves to be surprising.

[0061] The term used herein “protein” refers to molecule consisting of peptide bond, for example including oligopeptide and polypeptide.

[0062] The host cell suitable in this invention, includes spore-forming Gram negative bacterium including Myxococcus, a spore-forming Gram positive bacterium including Bacillus, a spore-forming Actionmycete, a spore-forming yeast and a spore-forming fungus, but not limited to. Preferably, the host cell is a spore-forming Gram positive bacterium, more preferably, Bacillus. In particular, Bacillus subtilis is advantageous in the senses that genetic knowledge and experimental methods on its spore forming as well as culturing method are well known.

[0063] According to the present methods, the spore may be reproductive or non-reproductive. In the method for improving a protein, the recovered coats are subject to reproduction but the methods using a spore as delivery means of protein of interest obviate the necessity for reproduction of spore. It is considerable that the organisms genetically engineered is likely to be regulated under laws and rules; hence non-reproductive spore is preferable. For example, Bacillus subtilis lack of cwlD gene is preferably used due to being non-reproductive.

[0064] According preferred embodiments of this invention, the recovery of spore is performed in such a manner that the display of the protein of interest on the spore surface is maximized by controlling culture time, after which culturing is terminated and the spore is then recovered. Suitable culture time is varied depending upon the type of cell used, for example, in case of using Bacillus subtilis as host, the culture time of 16-25 hours is preferred.

[0065] In the present methods, the recovery of spore may be carried out according to the conventional methods known to one skilled in the art, more preferably, renografin gradients methods (C. R. Harwood, et al., “Molecular Biological Methods for Bacillus.” John Wiley & Sons, New York, p.416(1990)).

[0066] As demonstrated in Examples, the stability of spore displaying the foreign protein of interest an its surface is very high in the present invention, indicating maintenance of the integrity of spore surface structure formed by cooperation of coat proteins while the foreign protein is displayed.

[0067] The protein of interest displayed on spore surface according to the present methods can be demonstrated with a wide variety of methods as follows: 1) A primary antibody is bound to the protein of interest displayed on spore surface and then reacted with a secondary antibody labeled with fluorescent chemical to stain the spore, followed by observation with fluorescence microscope or analysis with flow cytometry. 2) The protein of interest displayed on spore surface is treated with protease, followed by measurement of the activity of the protein or detecting lower signal with fluorescence microscope or flow cytometry. 3) In case that the protein of interest uses a substrate with higher molecular weight, the direct measurement of the activity of the protein can provide the level of display since the substrate cannot pass across outer coat of spore.

[0068] In the method for improving protein, the construction of gene library for the protein of interest is performed by a mutagenesis of the gene encoding the protein of interest of wild type, in which the mutagenesis includes DNA shuffling method (Stemmer, Nature, 370: 389-391(1994)), StEP method (Zhao, H., et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 16: 258-261 (1998)), RPR method (Shao, Z., et al., Nucleic acids Res., 26: 681-683 (198)), molecular breeding method (Ness, J. E., et al., Nat. Biotechnol., 17: 893-896 (1999)), ITCHY method (Lutz S. and Benkovic S., Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 11: 319-324 (2000)), error prone PCR (Cadwell, R. C. and Joyce, G. F., PCR Methods Appl., 2: 28-33 (1992)), point mutagenesis (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989), nucleotide mutagenesis (Smith M. Annu. Rev. Genet. 19: 423-462 (1985)), combinatorial cassette mutagenesis (Wells et al., Gene 34: 315-323 (1985)) and other suitable random mutagenesis.

[0069] In the method for improving protein, the screening is performed in a rapid manner by means of measuring an activity of the protein or flow cytometry (Georgiou, 2000). In case of using an activity of the protein, the screening is carried out by measuring growth of host expressing the protein or colorimetrical reaction catalyzed by the protein. In the method for improving protein using a resistance property of spore, the screening is carried out in a rapid manner by virtue of measuring an activity of the protein or using the structural stability of the protein.

[0070] The methods for improving protein provide in a high-throughput manner, from wild type, 1) enzymes catalyzing non-biological reaction (e.g., Diels-Alder condensation), 2) enzymes with non-natural steroselectivity or regioselectivity, 3) enzymes with activity in organic solvent or organic solvent-aqueous solution two-phase system, and 4) enzymes with activity in extreme conditions such as high temperature or pressure.

[0071] In addition, to select a variant of antibody with enhanced binding affinity, it is general that pH is abruptly changed or the concentration of base is adjusted to elute the variant. In a method using phage or bacteria as carrier, such elution conditions are likely to decrease the viability of phage or bacteria in medium. However, the methods for improving protein using system of spore surface display overcome the drawback.

[0072] In the meantime, the bioconversion process using surface-displayed enzymes requires a physiochemical stability of surface displaying host in extreme conditions because the process is usually executed in high temperature and/or organic solvent. In particular, a chemical synthesis valuable in current industry is mainly carried out in organic solvent and the synthesis of chiral compound or the resolution of racemic mixture is also performed in highly severe physiochemical conditions. Therefore, the surface-displayed enzyme as well as the organisms displaying enzyme is compelled to have stability in such extreme conditions. In this connection, it is demonstrated that the methods for bioconversion using system for spore surface display is largely advantageous.

[0073] The chemical processes using surface-displayed enzymes have been proposed (Georgiou et al., 1993). However, the proposed processes have generally required immobilization of cell surface with cross-linking agent since the host displaying enzyme is very unstable during process (Freeman et al., 1996). The present bioconversion process is free from the disadvantage mentioned above. Because the surface-displayed enzyme as well as the host displaying enzyme is largely stable, the present method avoids the immobilization. In Examples described hereinafter, the bioconversion reaction with β-galactosidase is exemplified and thus it is understood by one skilled in the are that the present method can be also applied to any type of enzyme such as lipase, protease, cellulase, glycosyltransferase, oxidoreductase and aldolase. In addition, the present method is useful in single step or multi-step reaction and in aqueous or non-aqueous solution. The present bioconversion method employs spore as free or immobilized form and can be performed with other microbes or enzymes.

[0074] Similar to DNA microarray, a protein microarray provides means for analyzing expression or expression level of target protein in certain cell. In order to fabricate protein array, the suitable proteins to be arrayed must be obtained and then immobilized on solid surface. During analysis using protein array, washing step is necessarily performed to remove unbound proteins and various treatments such as high temperature, higher salt concentration and pH adjustment are executed; therefore, it is pivotal to guarantee proteinaceous substance with higher stability in such detrimental environment.

[0075] In addition, the conventional process for preparing protein array needs tedious and repetitive works such as cloning genes of several thousands to tens of thousands of proteins and immobilizing of the proteins expressed. Therefore, there remains a need to improve simplicity and rapidity of the works.

[0076] According to the method for preparing protein microarray of this invention, it is ensured that the works described-above cane be performed with much greater readiness. In the present method, a gene construct containing a gene encoding spore coat protein and a gene encoding the desired protein is introduced into host cell and the spore displaying on its surface the desired protein is isolated, followed by immobilization of the isolated spore onto a solid surface. In the me-hod for preparing protein array, the conventional steps may be used (see Wo 0061806, WO 0054046, U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,754, EP 0818467, WO 9742507, U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,674 and WO 9635953). The protein microarray manufactured by the present invention has a variety of applicable fields including diagnosis, analysis of gene expression, analysis of interaction between proteins, analysis of interaction between protein and ligand, study on metabolism, screening novel or improved enzymes, combinatorial biochemical synthesis and biosensor.

[0077] The solid substrate suitable in the present method includes, but not limited to, glasses (e.g., functionalized glasses), Si, Ge, GaAs, GaP, SiO, SiN₄, modified silicone nitrocellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride, polystylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polycarbonate, nylon, fiber and combinations thereof. The spore optionally may be attached to the array substrate through linker molecules. It is preferred that the regions of the array surface not being spotted are blocked. The amount of spores applied to each spot (or address) depends on the type of array. Interaction between the protein displayed on spore attached to solid substrate and the sample applied can be detected based on their inherent characteristics (e.g., immunogenicity) or can be rendered detectable by being labeled with an independently detectable tag (e.g., fluorescent, luminescent or radioactive molecules, and epitopes). The data generated with protein array of this invention can be analyzed using known computerized systems such as “reader” and “scanner”.

[0078] According to the method producing an antibody of this invention, a composition containing an immunologically effective amount of the spore, preferably, further comprises adjuvant such as incomplete and complete Freund's adjuvants. In the present method, the mode of administration is, preferably, injection and more preferably, intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and intramuscular injections. Boosting within suitable period after the first administration is preferable to yield a sufficient amount of antibody.

[0079] Meanwhile, in the process for preparing absorption chromatography, antibody or polypeptide is produced, purified and immobilized on a carrier. Generally, it is very difficult to prepare the bioabsorbers. The disadvantage may be overcome using whole cell displaying protein as described in Georgiou et al., 1997. Therefore, the system for spore surface display of this invention provides a whole cell absorber to solve the problems of the known absorbers.

[0080] In further aspect of this invention, there is provided a microbial transformant for spore surface display of a protein of interest, characterized in that the transformant is produced by transformation with a vector for spore surface display containing (i) a gene encoding a protein of interest and (ii) a gene encoding spore coat protein is selected from the group consisting of cotA, cotB, cotC, cotD, cotE, cotF, cotG, cotH, cotJA, cotJC, cotK, cotL, cotM, cotS, cotT, cotV, cotW, cotX, cotY, cotZ, spoIVA, spoVID and sods, in which when expressed, a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the protein of interest is expressed.

[0081] According to preferred embodiment, the transformant is derived from a variant mutated to enhance spore surface display. For example, the mutation to enhance spore surface display eliminates a production of extracellular secretory protease in the transformant, so that the protein of interest displayed on spore surface is stably maintained. In addition, the mutation to enhance spore surface display eliminates a production of intracellular protease in the transformant. It is also preferred that a gene or genes involved in spore forming is subject to mutation in order to the rate of spore forming (Perego, M., et al., Mol. Microbiol. 19: 1151-1157 (1996)).

[0082] In still further aspect of this invention, there is provide a spore for spore surface display of a protein of interest, characterized in that the spore displays the protein of interest on its surface.

[0083] According to the present invention, the spore may be reproductive or non-reproductive one which is selected based on its application field. Preferably, the non-reproductive spore can be obtained by virtue of one or more methods selected from the group consisting of genetic method (Popham D. L., et al., J. Bacteriol., 181: 6205-6209 (1999)), chemical method (Setlow T. R., et al., J. Appl. Microbiol., 89: 330-338 (2000)) and physical method (Munakata N, et al., Photochem. Photobiol., 54: 761-768 (1991)). The genetic method to make the spore non-reproductive is accomplished by, for example, deleting a gene of host cell involved in reproduction of spore.

[0084] In the present invention, it is preferred that the spore is derived from a variant mutated to increase its agglutination property because in bioconversion performed in industrial scale, the separation between the resulting product and spores is rendered easier. The increase of the agglutination property in the spore is accomplished by one or more methods selected from the group consisting of genetic method, chemical method and physical method. As example of the physical method, the heat treatment can be proposed (Wiencek K. M., et. al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 56: 2600-2605 (1990)).

[0085] In another aspect of this invention, there is provided a vector for spore surface display, characterized in that the vector comprises a replication origin, an antibiotic-resistance gene, a restriction site, a gene encoding a spore coat protein, a gene encoding a protein of interest and a promoter operatively linked to the gene encoding a spore coat protein, in which when expressed, a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the protein of interest is expressed.

[0086] According to preferred embodiment, the gene encoding a spore coat protein is selected from the group consisting of cotA, cotB, cotC, cotD, cotE, cotF, cotG, cotH, cotJA, cotJC, cotK, cotL, cotM, cotS, cotT, cotV, cotW, cotX, cotY, cobZ, spoIYA, spoVID and sodA, more preferably, cotE or cotG, and most preferably, cotG.

[0087] In the vector of this invention, the replication origin can include various origins known to one skilled in the art, for example, when the vector is introduced into a spore-forming yeast, 2μ, ARS, ARS1 or ARS2 can be used as replication origin. In case of using Bacillus as host, ori 322, ColE1 origin, Rep1060, etc. can be used. The antibiotic-resistance gene used as selective marker, when prokaryote such as Bacillus is used as host, is a resistance gene to antibiotics acting to prokaryotes, for example, including kanamycin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, geneticin, neomycin and tetracycline. The promoter used in the present vector includes a promoter of the gene of spore coat protein and a known promoter operable in host cell.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0088]FIG. 1 is a microscopic photograph showing spores of Bacillus subtilis purified according to method described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,914;

[0089]FIG. 2 is a microscopic photograph showing spores of Bacillus subtilis purified according to renografin gradients method;

[0090]FIG. 3 is a genetic map of the recombinant vector pCotE-lacZ of the present invention;

[0091]FIG. 4 is a genetic map of the recombinant vector pCotG-lacz of the present invention;

[0092]FIG. 5 represents screening results demonstrating the preferred surface display motif in the present invention;

[0093]FIG. 6 is a graph showing the affect of protease to β-galactosidase displayed on spore surface;

[0094]FIG. 7 is a graph showing the activity of β-galactosidase displayed on spore surface in accordance with culture time;

[0095]FIG. 8 is a graph representing the heat stability of Bacillus subtilis DB104 strain displaying on its surface the protein;

[0096]FIG. 9 is a genetic map of recombinant vector pCSK-cotG-CMCase of this invention;

[0097]FIG. 10 is a graph showing analysis of spore surface-displayed carboxymethylcellulase using flow cytometry;

[0098]FIG. 11 is a graph showing analysis of spore surface-displayed levansucrase using flow cytometry;

[0099]FIG. 12 is a graph showing the activity of spore surface-displayed levansucrase;

[0100]FIG. 13 is a graph representing analysis of spore surface-displayed monoclonal antibody using flow cytometry;

[0101]FIG. 14 is a graph demonstrating selectivity to spore displaying single chain Fv;

[0102]FIG. 15 is a graph representing analysis with flow cytometry of monoclonal antibody library to have binding affinity to Pre-S region of hepatitis B virus;

[0103]FIG. 16 is a graph showing analysis of spore surface-displayed GFP using flow cytometry; and

[0104]FIGS. 17a to 17 d are graphs representing isolation with flow cytometry of spores displaying improved GFP.

[0105] The following specific examples are intended to be illustrative of the invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention as defined by appended claims.

EXAMPLES Example I Isolation of the Gene Encoding Coat Proteins

[0106] I-1: Construction of the Vector for Spore Surface Display

[0107] To isolate the most appropriate coat protein for spore surface display among coat proteins consisting of spore, the recombinant vector having the gene encoding a fusion protein between coat protein and β-galactosidase was constructed as follow:

[0108] To begin with, the DNA was extracted from the Bacillus subtilis 168 strain provided from Dr. F. Kunst (Kunst F., et al., Nature, 390: 249-256(1997)) by Kalman's method (Kalman S., et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 1131-1137(1993)), and the purified DNA was served as template for PCR to spoIVA primers (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 2), cotB primers (SEQ ID NOs: 3 and 4), cotC primers (SEQ ID NOs: 5 and 6), cotD primers (SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8), cotE primers (SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 10), cotG primers (SEQ ID NOs: 11 and 12), cotH primers (SEQ ID NOs: 13 and 14), cotM primers (SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 16), cotV primers (SEQ ID NOs: 17 and 18), cotX primers (SEQ ID NOs: 19 and 20) and cotY primers (SEQ ID NOs: 21 and 22). Taq polymerase purchased from Boehringer Mannheim was used for total 35 cycles of PCR under condition of denaturation for 30 sec at 94° C., annealing for 30 sec at 55° C. and extension for 1 min at 72° C.

[0109] After then, each amplified PCR products were digested with BamHI and SalI and cloned between BamHI and SalI sites of plasmid pDG1728 which is a gratuitous gift by Dr. P. Stragier (Geurout-Fleury, A. M., et al., Gene, 180: 57-61(1996)), thus the constructed vectors express the fusion protein of coat protein and β-galactosidase. FIG. 3a shows the genetic map of pCotE-lacZ expressing fusion protein of CotE protein and β-galactosidase and FIG. 3b shows the genetic map of pCotG-lacZ expressing Fusion protein of CotG protein and β-galactosidase.

[0110] SEQ ID NO:23 shows the sequence of cotE-lacZ fused genes and SEQ ID NO:24 shows the amino acid sequence of CotE-LacZ fusion protein. In SEQ ID NO:23, promoter for cotE is 1-329, CotE structural gene is 330-872, restriction site is 873-878 and LacZ structural gene is 879-3902.

[0111] SEQ ID NO:25 shows the sequence of cotG-lacZ fused genes and SEQ ID NO:26 shows the amino acid sequence of CotG-LacZ fusion protein. In SEQ ID NO:25, promoter of cotG is 1-460, CotE structural gene is 461-1045, restriction site is 1046-1051 and LacZ structural gene is 1052-4075.

[0112] I-2: Pure Isolation of Spores

[0113] Constructed recombinant expression vectors were transformed into Bacillus subtilis DB104 (Kawamura F. and Doi R. H., J. Bacteriol. 160: 442-444(1984)) using natural transformation (C. R. Harwood, et al., Molecular Biological Methods for Bacillus, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p.416(1990)).

[0114] Other methods such as conjugation or trnasduction can be applied for introduction of the recombinant vectors into Bacillus strain.

[0115] Subsequently, each Bacillus strain comprising the fused gene between coat protein and β-galactosidase was cultured for 24 hr at a shaking incubator (37° C., 250 rpm) in GYS medium ((NH₄)₂SO₄ 2 g/l, Yeast extract 2 g/l, K₂HPO₄ 0.5 g/l, glucose 1 g/l, MgSO₄

5H₂O 0.07 g/l), and the only pure spores were isolated using renografin gradients method (C. R. Harwood, et al., “Molecular Biological Methods for Bacillus.” John Wiley & Sons, New York, p.416(1990)).

[0116] I-3: Display of Proteins on Spore Surface

[0117] The spores isolated in the above-described Example and the cell pellet of Bacillus subtilis DB104 were subjected to evaluation of the activity of β-galactosidase using Miller's method (Miller, “Experiments in Molecular Genetics”, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, p.352-355(1972)) and the results are shown in FIG. 5. In FIG. 5, the gray bar indicates cell pellet, the black bar indicates the activity of β-galactosidase in purely isolated spores and ‘1’ relates to result of control Bacillus subtilis DB104; ‘2’ to result of SpoIVA-LacZ; ‘3’ to result of CotB-LacZ; ‘4’ to result of CotC-LacZ; ‘5’ to result of CotD-LacZ; ‘6’ to result of CotE-LacZ; ‘7’ to result of CotG-LacZ; ‘8’ to result of CotH-LacZ; ‘9’ to result of CotM-LacZ; ‘10’ to result of CotV-LacZ; ‘11’ to result of CotX-LacZ; and ‘12’ to result of CotY-LacZ fusion protein, respectively.

[0118] As shown in FIG. 5, it is known that Deits TL (U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,914) fails to induce the sufficient surface display of cotC and cotD since the expression levels of cotC and cotD are as low as the control. However, the expression level of cotE and cotG are comparatively high and especially, expression level of cotG is remarkably high comparing to other coat proteins. In addition, in the isolated spores, the surface display using cotG shows the highest enzyme activity, which demonstrates that CotG-LacZ fusion proteins are the highest level of display on spore surface.

[0119] Considering the expression level and the amount of fusion proteins displayed on spore surface, it is known that the cotG is the most preferable surface display motif. It is known to one skilled in the art that these results exclude other coat proteins other than cotG from applying to spore surface display.

[0120] I-4: Effect of Proteases on the Surface-Displayed Enzymes

[0121] To confirm whether the surface-displayed β-galactosidase is degraded or not, the purely isolated spore displaying CotG-LacZ was resuspended into 100 μl of PBS solution, and each 10 mg/ml of protease K, protease type XIV or trypsin was treated. Thereafter, the activity of β-galactosidase was measured as described above and the results are shown in FIG. 6. As shown in FIG. 6, the activity of spore surface-displayed β-galactosidase is decreased with some variations in each result. These results give the evidence for the localization of β-galactosidase on spore surface.

[0122] DB104 strain lacking neutral and alkaline protease and WB700 strain (Ye, R., et al., Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 62:87-96(1999)) lacking 7 proteases among proteases secreted from Bacillus subtilis were transformed with the pCotG-lacZ expression vector using natural transformation method as described in example I-1, and the activity of β-galactosidase in cell pellet and spores was measured as described in example I-3 (FIG. 7). As shown in FIG. 7, while the enzyme activity is abruptly decreased in DB104 strain as time goes, WB700 strain shows slight decrease in enzyme activity. These results indicate that the displayed β-galactosidases on spore surface are degraded in DB104 strain by the proteases secreted extracellularly; however, the displayed β-galactosidases in WB700 are stably maintained because of lack of the proteases secreted extracellularly. Therefore, the results also support the localization of β-galactosidase on spore surface.

Example II Spore Production Depending on Culture Time

[0123] As shown in FIG. 7, it is required to stop incubation on a specific time point and isolate spores. In DB104, the enzyme activity of spores after 38 hr of incubation is significantly low comparing to that after 24 hr of incubation. Thus, it is demonstrated that the adjustment of incubation time makes it possible to yield spores displaying enzyme on its surface with the greatest enzyme activity.

Example III Characterization of Spores Dispalying β-Galactosidase

[0124] Heat resistance was measured as follow in spores displaying β-galactosidase: 100 μl of spores isolated by renografin gradients in Example I-2 were heated for 15 min and then spread on LB plates to evaluate viability of spores (FIG. 8). As shown in FIG. 8, spores displaying CotG-LacZ show similar heat resistance to spores without surface protein. In a result, the display of the foreign protein fused to coat protein on spore surface does not affect on its inherent characteristics such as heat resistance. Moreover, these results provide the promising usage of spore displaying on its surface enzyme in chemical reactions at high temperature. In addition, from these results, it is suggested that the spores transformed according to the present invention remain their inherent resistances to lysozyme, a bacterial cell wall-degrading enzyme and solvent.

Example IV Displaying Various Enzymes on Spore Surface

[0125] IV-1: Construction of Recombinant Vectors

[0126] To use spores displaying various enzymes, it is prerequisite to confirm whether various enzymes in addition to β-galactosidase can be surface-displayed. Firstly, plasmid pHPS9 (Haima, et al., Gene, 86:63-69(1990)) was digested by EcoRI and HindIII and manipulated into blunt ends using Klenow enzyme. Then, DNA fragment containing multiple cloning sites, which was obtained from plasmid p123T (EMBL Z46733) with BssHII, was ligated to the blunt-ended pHPS9 plasmid to use as virgin vector named pCSK1 in the following experiments. The pCSK-cotG plasmid was prepared by restricting PCSK1 plasmid with BamHI and PstI and ligating PCR-amplified cotG gene. In the course of PCR for cotG gene amplification, a linker between cotG gene and target gene was incorporated using cotG-linker 5 primer (SEQ ID NO:27) and 3 primer (SEQ ID NO:12) with template of DNA in Bacillus subtilis.

[0127] In other experiments, genes encoding carboxymethyl cellulase, levansucrase and lipase was prepared as follows: Carboxymethyl cellulase cloned in pBSI plasmid (S. H. Park et al., Agric. Biol. Chem., 55: 441-448(1991)) was directly employed. The pBS1 plasmid contains the gene encoding carboxymethylcelluase cloned from Bacillus subtilis BSE616 strain. In the present Example, PCR was performed with the pBS1 as template using primer represented by SEQ ID NOs:28 and 29. In the case of PCR for levansucrase, pSSTS110 plasmid (Jung, H.-C., et al., Nat. Biotech., 16; 576-580(1998)) was used as template and primers represented by SEQ ID NOs:30 and 31 were used. In PCR for lipase, pTOTAL (Ahn, J.-H., et al., J. Bacteriol., 181: 1847-1852(1999)) was added as template and primers of SEQ ID NOs: 32 and 33 were used. All PCRs were performed in the same condition as described in Example I-1.

[0128] Recombinant vectors containing gene coding for fusion between CotG and the carboxymethylcelluase, levansucrase or lipase were prepared by cloning into pCSK-cotG using PstI and BamHI restriction enzymes both in vector and in the PCR-amplified inserts. As an example of the above construction, FIG. 9 shows pCSK-cotG-CMCase which is the recombinant vector encoding fusion protein between CotG and carboxymethylcellulase. Transformed Bacillus subtilis DB104 with pCSK-cotG-CMCase was named Bacillus subtilis GFSD18 and deposited at the Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC, KR) with accession No. KCTC 0887BP (Nov. 16, 2000).

[0129] SEQ ID NO:34 shows nucleotide sequence of fused cotG-CMCase genes and SEQ ID NO:35 shows amino acid sequence of CotG-CMCase encoded by SEQ ID NO:34. In SEQ ID NO:34, promoter for cotG is 1-460, structural gene for CotG is 461-1045, linker is 1046-1084, and structural gene for CMCase is 1085-2491.

[0130] IV-2: Expression of Recombinant Vectors and Verification

[0131] The above-prepared recombinant vectors were employed for transformation of Bacillus subtilis DB104 with the same procedures as described in Example I-2. Subsequently, each transformed Bacillus strains was cultured for 24 hr at a shaking incubator (37° C., 250 rpm) in GYS midium, the only pure spores were isolated using renografin gradients method, and enzyme activity of carboxymethylcellulase (Kim, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbial., 66:788-793(2000)), levansucrase (Jung, et al., Nat. Biotech., 16:576-580(1998)) or lipase was evaluated. The activity of lipase was evaluated as follow: The spores suspended in 10% PBS was mixed with 10% olive oil, reacted for 48 hr, treated with 0.2 ml cupric acid on supernatant solution and the observance of OD was performed at 715 nm.

[0132] In the case of carboxymethylcellulase, the activity of enzyme displayed on spore was 175 mU comparing to 0 mU in control. In other verifying method, carboxymethylcellulase-specific andtibody (Kim, et al., Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66:788-793(2000)) was probed for flow cytometry (FACSort, Becton Dickinson, USA) and the carboxymethylcellulases were detected on the surface of spores transformed by pCSK-cotG-CMCase (FIG. 10).

[0133] The activity of levansucrase was also high in spores transformed by recombinant vector (FIG. 12) and the levansucrases were detected on the surface of transformed spores as verified with flow cytometery using levan sucrase-specific antibody (Jung, et al., Nat. Biotech., 16:576-580(1998)) in the same procedures as above-described % in carboxymethylcellulase (FIG. 11).

[0134] The activity of lipase was measured as A₇₁₅=0.14 in spores transformed with recombinant vector.

[0135] On the basis of these results, it is demonstrated that various enzymes as well as β-galactosidase can be displayed on the surface of spore according to the present invention.

[0136] Based on the results in these examples and example I, it is known to one skilled in the art that the gene construct containing gene encoding fusion protein between coat protein and protein of interest may exist as plasmid in host cell independently or as integrated form into chromosome of host cell and both forms may lead to successful spore surface display. It is also recognizable that the gene of coat protein may be followed or preceded by the gene of the protein of interest. In addition, it is recognized that in the gene construct, the overall sequence, fragments, two or more repeated sequences of the gene of coat protein are useful. In two or more repeated sequences, the repeated sequences may be the same or different each other. The overall sequence, two or more repeated sequences of the gene of the protein of interest are also useful in the fusion sequence. In two or more repeated sequences, the repeated sequences may be the same or different each other.

[0137] It is recognized by one skilled in the art that the expression of the fusion protein between coat protein and protein of interest can be induced by virtue of promoters of coat protein gene and other suitable promoters operable in host cell. Any vector carrying the present gene construct may be used in this invention, which is recognized by one skilled in the art referring to these results.

[0138] It is known that both monomric and multimeric enzyme can be applied for the present invention since the β-galactosidase used in example I is tetramer (U. Karlsson et al., J. Ultrastruct. Res., 10:457-469(1964)) and the enzymes described in this Example are monomers.

Example V Display of Antibody on Spore Surface and Screening for Directed Evolution

[0139] On the purpose of application of other proteins in addition to enzymes, the experiment to display antibody on spore surface was performed as follows:

[0140] V-1: Construction of Recombinant Vector for Surface Display of Single Chain Fv

[0141] Gene encoding single chain Fv, against Pre-S2 domain (SEQ ID NO:36) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was linked to cotG gene encoding surface protein of Bacillus subtilis spore. Single chain Fv gene was amplified by PCR with pAScFv101 (WO 9737025) as template and with primers described in SEQ ID NOs:37 and 38. Taq polymerase purchased from Bioneer (Korea) was used for total 30 cycles of PCR under condition of denaturation for 30 sec at 94° C., annealing for 30 sec at 55° C. and extension for 1 min at 72° C. And then, each PCR product was restricted by ApaI and NheI, cloned into pCSK-CotG between the same restriction sites (pCSK-CotG-scFv) and transformed into JM109 using transformation method by Inoue, et al. (Inoue, H., et al., Gene, 96:23-28(1990)). The amplified vectors for displaying on spore surface were isolated by alkaline extraction method (Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989) and transformed into Bacillus subtilis DB104 by natural transformation as described in Example I-1.

[0142] V-2: Verification of Single Chain Fv Display on Spore Surface Using Flow Cytometry

[0143] Affinity of the displayed single chain Fv against the Pre-S2 of HBV was evaluated by FACSort as the following procedures.

[0144] Firstly, Pre-S2 peptide was labeled with fluorescein (PanVera, USA) using fluorescein succinidimyl ester coupling method.

[0145] The transformed strains were inoculated into LB broth containing 5 μg/ml chloroamphenicol, pre-cultured for 8-10 hr at 37° C., 1% of seed culture was inoculated into GYS broth for sporulation, cultured for 24 hr at 37° C. and the cultured media was harvested. The pure spores were isolated using renografin gradients method, 100 μl pure spores were blocked with PBS containing 3% skim milk to inhibit non-specific binding and reacted with 10 μl of fluorescein labeled Pre-S2 peptide. Thereafter, the spores bound to fluorescein labeled Pre-S2 peptide were detected in the same procedures as described in example IV (FIG. 13). As shown in FIG. 13, it is demonstrated that the monoclonal antibody against Pre-S2 peptide is successfully displayed without reduction of the affinity to its antigen.

[0146] According to the above results, it is recognized that the present methods may be applicable to any protein, for example, enzyme, hormone, hormone analogue, enzyme inhibitor, signal transduction protein or its fragment, antibody or its fragment, antigen protein, attachment protein, structural protein, regulatory protein, toxin protein, plant defense-inducing protein.

[0147] V-3: Selection of Spores Displaying Single Chain Fv using Flow Cytometry

[0148] Whether the displayed single chain Fv has affinity to Pre-S2 of HBV was verified with FACSort as follows:

[0149] The transformed strains were inoculated into LB broth containing 5 μg/ml chloroamphenicol, pre-cultured for 8-10 hr at 37° C., 1% of seed culture was inoculated into GYS broth for sporulation, cultured for 24 hr at 37° C. and the cultured media was harvested. And then, 50 ml of harvested culture medium was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min supernatant was discarded, bacteria were resuspended in 500 μl of 20% renografin (Sigma, USA). 100 μl of resuspended cell was carefully flowed onto 500 μl of 50% renogrant in microtube to form layer, the microtube was centrifuged at 10.000 g for 30 min and pure spores were isolated from pellet.

[0150] To discard remained renografin, spores were rinsed 3 times with DW and resuspended in PBS buffer. And then, spores displaying single chain Fv were mixed with wild type spores at a ratio of 1:103 and 1:105 and the spores with affinity to Pre-S2 of HBV were harvested using fluorescein-labeled Pre-S2 peptide and FACSort.

[0151] The selectivity was evaluated by colony-forming assay on LB agar plates and LB agar plates containing 5 μl/ml of chloroamphenicol comparing to wild type. Spores displaying surface single chain Fv are resistant to chloroamphenicol owing to chloroamphenicol resistant gene contained in the recombinant vectors.

[0152]FIG. 14 shows the selectivity of spores displaying single chain Fv in each ratio (selectivity=ratio of spores displaying single chain Fv after flow cytometry/ratio of spores displaying single chain Fv before flow cytometry). In the case that the ratio of spores displaying single chain Fv before flow cytometry is 10⁻⁵, the selectivity was over 4,000, which indicates that spores with enhanced affinity can be selected by flow cytometry among spores displaying various antibody libraries.

[0153] V-4: Directed Evolution of Single Chain Fv Displayed on Spore Surface

[0154] To display single chain Fv library on spore surface, the gene encoding single chain Fv against Pre-S2 of HBV was amplified by error prone PCR. PCR was carried out using pAScFv101 plasmid described in the example V-1 as template and SEQ ID NOs:37 and 38 as primer. PCR mixture was prepared by mixing 0.3 μM of each primers, 5 ng of DNA template, PCR solution (10 mM Tris(pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 7 mM MgCl₂, 0.01% (w/v) gelatin), 0.2 mM dGTP, 0.2 mM dATP, 1 mM dTTP, 1 mM dCTP, 5 U Taq polymerase from Bioneer (Korea) and DW up to 100 μl. Total 13 cycles of PCR was performed under condition of denaturation for 30 sec at 94° C., annealing for 30 sec at 50° C. and extension for 1 min at 72° C.

[0155] Subsequently, restricted PCR products with ApaI and NheI were cloned into pCSK-CotG, vector for displaying on spore surface, between the same restriction sites and library was prepared by transforming the cloned vectors into JM109 E. coli with the method of Inoue et al.

[0156] The vectors for displaying on spore surface were isolated by alkaline extraction method and transformed into Bacillus subtilis DB104 by natural transformation. And then, single chain Fv library against Pre-S2 of HBV was displayed on spore surface as described in example V-2 (FIG. 15).

[0157] As shown in FIG. 15, spores with increased fluorescence (i.e., increased affinity) were isolated. This result demonstrates the applicability of the present invention to prepare and select protein variants with improved characteristics.

Example VI Bioconversion Using Spores Displaying Protein of Interest

[0158] Forte of transglycosylation by enzyme is the capability of formation of site-specific glycosidic linkage without protection/de-protection step. There have been studied for formation of glycosidic linkage by 1) induction of reverse hydrolysis in non-aqueous system using glycosidase which is conventionally available glycosidic hydrolyzing enzyme and 2) transglycosylation in which glycosidic linkage is substituted with receptor alcohol instead of hydrolysis of glycosidic linkage by water (G. Ljunger et al., Enzyme Microb. Technol., 16:1808-1814(1994); T. Usui et al., Carbohytdr. Res., 244:315-323(1993); and R. Lopez et al., J. Org. Chem., 59:737-745(1994)). The above conventional methods usually use organic solvent to increase synthetic yield and inhibit hydrolysis. However, because the organic solvent inactivates enzyme, it is difficult to accomplish the high yield. Thus, it is necessary to inhibit the inactivation of glycosidase in organic solvent for higher glycosylation yield.

[0159] The purpose of the Example is to exemplify the higher glycosylation yield with improved enzyme stability even in organic solvent by virtue of displaying glycosidase on the surface of hydrophobic Bacillus spores.

[0160] VI-1: Stability of β-Galactosidase Displayed on Surface of Spores in Organic Solvent

[0161] Each of β-galactosidase in free form (Sigma, USA) and the β-galactosidase displayed on surface of Bacillus spore was dispersed into 500 μl of Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5), added the same volume of the various solvents described in Table 1, mixed for 37° C. for 1 hr and the remained enzymatic activity was measured by Miller method described in Example I-3 (Table 1). TABLE 1 Residual activity (%) Free form Surface-Displayed β-galactosidase β-galactosidase Control 100 100 Hexane 84.3 100 Ether 48.2 77.2 Toluene 4.2 51.9 Ethylacetate 0.1 9.6 Acetonitril 0.0 0.8 Ethanol 0.0 0.0

[0162] As shown in Table 1, the displayed β-galactosidase shows higher stability than that of free form β-galactosidase in various organic solvents.

[0163] VI-2: Transglycosylation Reaction in Water-Organic Solvent Two-phase System Using β-galactosidase Displayed on Spore Surface

[0164] To perform transglycosylation in two-phase system, β-galactosidase, which is one of conventional glycosidase, is used as a model for glycosylation reaction (Scheme 1).

[0165] At first, 1 ml of 1 M lactose in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 5.1) was mixed with 10 ml of 10 mM 5-phenyl-1-pentanol in hexane for reaction solution. And then, β-galactosidase displayed on spore surface (240 U; 1 U=the amount of enzyme capable of hydrolysis of 1 μmol ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside) for 1 min at 37° C.) and free form β-galactosidase (240 U) was added into the above reaction solution, respectively, and reacted for 48 hr at 30° C. while stirring.

[0166] In results, the yield of 5-phenylpenthyl-β-D-galtopyranoside was 21% by β-galactosidase displayed on spore surface; however, in free form β-galactosidase, the hydrolysis of lactose only occurred with no transglycosylation. Such result is ascribed to the increased stability, in organic solvent, of β-galactosidase displayed on spore surface. Actually, after 72 hr reaction, about 5% of enzyme activity was detected in the displayed β-galactosidase while measured the complete inactivation in free form β-galactosidase. Another advantage of the displayed β-galactosidase owes to hydrophobicity of Bacillus spores. In other words, the distribution of displayed β-galactosidase at interface between water and organic solvent phase inhibits the hydrolysis comparing to free form β-galactosidase.

[0167] Based on the results of this Example, it is understood that variants and modifications thereof falling within the spirit of the invention may become apparent to those skilled in the art, for example, any enzymes in addition to β-galactosidase such as lipase and protease can be employed for bioconversion of the present invention. In addition, the present bioconversion is useful in single step or multi-step reaction and in aqueous or non-aqueous solution. The present bioconversion method can employ spore as free or immobilized form and can be performed with other microbes or enzymes.

Example VII Display of Antigen on Spore Surface

[0168] By displaying antigen on spore surface, antigen capable of inducing immune response in vivo can be applied as live vaccine. Bacillus subtilis has been considered as safe strain to human body since it has been employed in food fermentation for a long time (Sonenshein A. L., et al., Bacillus subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria. American society for Microbiology, Washington, p871(1993)).

[0169] Gene for CotE-antigen fusion protein is constructed by cloning the gene for surface antigen of HBV into pCotG-lacZ vector constructed in Example I-1. Thereafter, the constructed recombinant vector is transformed into Bacillus substilis and the transformants are cultured in GYS medium. And then, the antigen-displaying spores are purely isolated from culture medium by renografin gradients method.

Example VIII Protein Improvement Using Spore Displaying Protein of Interest

[0170] For example of application of the present invention to high-throughput screening of target protein and to protein improvement, GFP (Green Fluorescence Protein) was used as follows:

[0171] VIII-1: Construction of Vector for GFP Display on Spore Surface

[0172] gfp gene was cloned into pCSK-CotG vector constructed in Example IV-1 and the following sub-cloning procedures were performed for display on spore surface. Each primer was prepared for the purpose of fusing cotG gene to EGFP and GFPuv genes. The fluorescence intensity of EGFP (Excit./Emis. Maxima (nm): 488/509; Clontech, USA) has 35-fold stronger than that of wild type GFP and thus results in detection even in FITC filter and GFPuv (Excit./Emis. Maxima (nm): 395/509; Clontech, USA) is detectable with UV. For further manipulation, NheI and HindIII restriction sites were inserted into primers for egfp gene (SEQ ID NOs:39 and 40) and PstI and EcoRI restriction sites were inserted in primers for gfpvu gene (SEQ ID NOs:41 and 42).

[0173] Each of egfp (800 bp) and gfpuv (720 bp) genes was amplified by PCR (MJ Research PTC-100™ programmable Thermal Controller; 95° C. 30 sec, 55° C. 30 sec, 72° C. 2 min, 25 cycles) using Pfu Turbo polymerase (Stratagene, USA) and pEGFP-C1 (Clontedch, USA) or pGFPuv (Clontech, USA) as template.

[0174] Thereafter, pCSK-CotG-EGFP or pCSK-CotG-GFPuv vectors were constructed by cloning the restricted PCR products into NheI/HindIII (egfp gene) or PstI/EcoRI (gfpuv gene) restriction sites of pCSK-CotG vector.

[0175] VIII-2: Display and Confirmation of GFP on Spore Surface

[0176] The constructed vectors were transformed into Bacillus subtilis DB104 by natural transformation. Transformants were selected on LB agar plate containing 5 μg/ml chloroamphenicol. Through the selection, Bacillus subtilis DB104-SDG-EGFP strain for display of EGFP and Bacillus subtilis DB104-SDG-GFPuv strain for display of GFPvu on spore surface were obtained. As control strains, Bacillus subtilis DB104-SDC strain transformed with only pCSK vector and Bacillus subtilis DB104-SDG strain transformed for expressing only CotG protein were prepared.

[0177] For analysis of GFP display on spore surface, the above Bacillus subtilis DB104-SDC, -SDG, -SDG-EGFP and -SDG-GFPuv were inoculated into LB broth containing 5 μg/ml chloroamphenicol and spores were then purified as described in Example V-4.

[0178] Subsequently, the display of GFP on spore surface was analyzed by measuring GFP fluorescence with flow cytometry in similar manner to Example IV (FIG. 16). In FIG. 16, curves (1)-(4) indicate the results of spores of DB104-SDC DB104-SDG, DB104-SDG-GFPuv and DB104-SDG-EFGP, respectively.

[0179] As shown in FIG. 16, the fluorescent intensity of spores derived from DB1047-SDG-EGFP (recombinant strain for EGFP-spore surface display) and DB104-SDG-GFPuv (recombinant strain for GFPuv-spore surface display) is significantly higher than that of DB104-SDC and DB104-SDG as control. In above results, the successful display of EGFP or GFPuv is validated by noticeable change of peaks indicating fluorescence in spore on its surface displaying EGFP or GFPuv comparing to controls.

[0180] VIII-3: Improvement of GFP

[0181] For the purpose of GFP improvement, error prone PCR was performed with template of pGFPuv vector (Clontech, USA) containing gfpuv gene using primers of SEQ ID NOs: 42 and 43. PCR mixture was prepared by mixing 0.3 μM of each primers, 5 ng of DNA template, PCR solution 10 mM Tris (pH 8.3), 50 mM KCl, 7 mM MgCl₂, 0.01% (w/v) gelatin), 0.2 mM dGTP, 0.2 mM dATP, 1 mM dTTP, 1 mM dCTP, 0.15 mM MnCl₂, 5 U Taq polymerase from Bioneer (Korea) and DW up to 100 μl. Total 13 cycles of PCR was performed under condition of denaturation for 30 sec at 94° C., annealing for 30 sec at 50° C. and extension for 1 min at 72° C.

[0182] Subsequently, the gfpuv genes were discarded from pCSK-CotG-GFPuv vectors by restriction with PstI/EcoRI, the above PCR-amplified inserts were cloned into the vectors with the same restriction sites and Bacillus substilis DB104 was transformed with the cloned vectors by natural transformation to construct gfpuv library displayed on spore surface. Then, the prepared library was inoculated into GYS medium for sporulation and pure spores were isolated as described in Example V-4. Transformant spores displaying improved GFP variant were screened by measuring GFP fluorescence with flow cytometry (FIGS. 17a to 16 d). FIGS. 17a to 17 d indicates the analysis of flow cytometry from Bacillus subtilis DB104-SDC, DB104-SDG-GFPuv, DB104-SDG-EGFP and DB104-SDG-GFP with gfp library subject to error prone PCR, respectively.

[0183] To isolate spores with higher fluorescent intensity than spores derived from DB104-SDG-EGFP and DB104-SDG-GFP control strains, the isolation of spores with higher fluorescence (region R1) among spores displaying GFP library was repeated several times.

[0184] It is understood that using the above method, the improved GFP protein exhibiting higher fluorescence intensity or fluorescence with different wavelength can be screened in a high-throughput manner.

Example VIII Protein Array Using Spores Displaying on its Surface Protein of Interest

[0185] 106-109 spores displaying monoclonal antibodies against surface antigen of HBV are attached onto glass substrate for protein array (BMS, Germany) with aldehyde functional group on its surface using automated array apparatus. The attachment is made in a form of covalent linkage, which is Schiff base between amino group of protein on spore surface and aldehyde group on surface of slide glass. Although the displayed proteins attached on solid surface may be inactivated, they may have an orientation.

[0186] The protein array kit manufactured according to the present invention has a variety of applicable fields including diagnosis, analysis of gene expression, analysis of interaction between proteins, analysis of interaction between protein and ligand, study on metabolism, screening novel or improved enzymes, combinatorial biochemical synthesis and biosensor.

Example IX Production of Antibody Using Spores Displayig Antigen

[0187] The spores on its surface displaying surface antigen of HBV isolated in Example VII are suspended in PBS and the same volume of complete Freund's adjuvant is added. Thereafter, the mixture is well agitated to make emulsion formulation and the emulsion is injected i.v. into BALB/c mice with age of 6-8 week. After 4 weeks of the injection, the secondary administration is performed. Then, the additional boosting injection is performed about 2-3 times for induction of antibody.

[0188] As described above, the display method on spore surface of the present invention provides improvements in: a resistance against physiochemical change in environment of display host, a diversity of displayable proteins, a viability of display host and rapidity of screening.

[0189] Throughout this application, various patents and publications are referenced and citations are provided in parentheses. The disclosure of these patents and publications in their entities are hereby incorporated by references into this application in order to more fully describe this invention and the state of the art to which this invention pertains.

[0190] Having described a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it is to be understood that variants and modifications thereof falling within the spirit of the invention may become apparent to those skilled in this art, and the scope of this invention is to be determined by appended claims and their equivalents.

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1 42 1 30 DNA Artificial Sequence spoIVA 5′ primer 1 ggcagcggat ccacagtgac aagcccaatc 30 2 33 DNA Artificial Sequence spoIVA 3′ primer 2 tctagacgtc gaccaggatg gcgattaagc cgc 33 3 30 DNA Artificial Sequence cotB 5′ primer 3 cctcatggat ccgtataaaa agaatgatat 30 4 33 DNA Artificial Sequence cotB 3′ primer 4 ccatgacgtc gacaaattta cgtttccagt gat 33 5 30 DNA Artificial Sequence cotC 5′ primer 5 ctacacggat cctctatgtc aatgatagcc 30 6 33 DNA Artificial Sequence cotC 3′ primer 6 ttaagacgtc gacgtagtgt tttttatgct ttt 33 7 30 DNA Artificial Sequence cotD 5′ primer 7 agcggcggat cctgtaaaat gacgttagtt 30 8 33 DNA Artificial Sequence cotD 3′ primer 8 gtttgacgtc gacgtagtcg cagcaaggtt ttc 33 9 30 DNA Artificial Sequence cotE 5′ primer 9 aaccggatcc acctgctgaa aggggaaacc 30 10 32 DNA Artificial Sequence cotE 3′ primer 10 gtccctgtcg acttcttcag gatctcccaa ta 32 11 30 DNA Artificial Sequence cotG 5′ primer 11 gcctttggat ccagtgtccc tagctccgag 30 12 33 DNA Artificial Sequence cotG 3′ primer 12 aaaagacgtc gactttgtat ttctttttga cta 33 13 30 DNA Artificial Sequence cotH 5′ primer 13 ttttgtggat ccgagatttc ttgtgagagc 30 14 36 DNA Artificial Sequence cotH 3′ primer 14 tttcgacgtc gactaaaata cttaaatgat ctttga 36 15 30 DNA Artificial Sequence cotM 5′ primer 15 ggcaaaggat ccggctatat tgaaaacgac 30 16 33 DNA Artificial Sequence cotM 3′ primer 16 ctttgacgtc gacgctgaga ggaaattgaa gag 33 17 30 DNA Artificial Sequence cotVWX 5′ primer 17 gccaatcagg atcccttcac atatatgcca 30 18 36 DNA Artificial Sequence cotV 3′ primer 18 tgaaagatct gtcgacaagg acgtcaagtt cactaa 36 19 30 DNA Artificial Sequence cotVWX 5′ primer 19 gccaatcagg atcccttcac atatatgcca 30 20 36 DNA Artificial Sequence cotX 3′ primer 20 ctgttgatca gtcgacgagg acaagagtga tactag 36 21 30 DNA Artificial Sequence cotYZ 5′ primer 21 tcatagggat cctagtattc tctcttgtcc 30 22 33 DNA Artificial Sequence cotY 3′ primer 22 ttacgacgtc gactccattg tgatgatgct ttt 33 23 4000 DNA Bacillus subtilis CDS (330)..(3902) 23 ggatccacct gctgaaaggg gaaaccggtt caaaggtgaa gcatttaaat aacagctgtt 60 ctctctaaac acggtgcctt tacaggcccg tgttttttta tcatttgtgc ggttaaaaat 120 gaactaaata atctatgtac caaatgttca attggttttt ctgtgctcag ccgcgtataa 180 actttatcgc acttataagt aaagtttcta ggcacccctg catacaatgg aacagaaact 240 ttgtattttt atattttatt tataaaaatg cacactagac aaatgcccag cataagataa 300 cacgaagaag aacaaggagg catgccgga atg tct gaa tac agg gaa att att 353 Met Ser Glu Tyr Arg Glu Ile Ile 1 5 acg aag gca gta gta gcg aaa ggc cga aaa ttc acc caa tgc acc aac 401 Thr Lys Ala Val Val Ala Lys Gly Arg Lys Phe Thr Gln Cys Thr Asn 10 15 20 acc atc tcg cct gag aaa aaa ccg agc agc att ttg ggt ggt tgg att 449 Thr Ile Ser Pro Glu Lys Lys Pro Ser Ser Ile Leu Gly Gly Trp Ile 25 30 35 40 att aac cac aag tat gac gct gaa aaa att gga aaa acg gta gaa att 497 Ile Asn His Lys Tyr Asp Ala Glu Lys Ile Gly Lys Thr Val Glu Ile 45 50 55 gaa ggg tat tat gat ata aac gta tgg tac tct tac gcg gac aac aca 545 Glu Gly Tyr Tyr Asp Ile Asn Val Trp Tyr Ser Tyr Ala Asp Asn Thr 60 65 70 aag aca gag gtt gtc aca gaa cgg gta aaa tat gta gat gtc att aaa 593 Lys Thr Glu Val Val Thr Glu Arg Val Lys Tyr Val Asp Val Ile Lys 75 80 85 ctc aga tac aga gac aat aat tac tta gat gat gag cat gaa gtg att 641 Leu Arg Tyr Arg Asp Asn Asn Tyr Leu Asp Asp Glu His Glu Val Ile 90 95 100 gcc aaa gtg ctt cag cag cca aac tgc ctt gaa gtg acc att tcg ccg 689 Ala Lys Val Leu Gln Gln Pro Asn Cys Leu Glu Val Thr Ile Ser Pro 105 110 115 120 aat gga aat aaa atc gtt gtg cag gca gaa aga gaa ttt ttg gcg gaa 737 Asn Gly Asn Lys Ile Val Val Gln Ala Glu Arg Glu Phe Leu Ala Glu 125 130 135 gtg gta ggg gaa aca aag gta gtt gtt gag gtc aat cct gac tgg gaa 785 Val Val Gly Glu Thr Lys Val Val Val Glu Val Asn Pro Asp Trp Glu 140 145 150 gag gat gac gag gaa gat tgg gaa gat gag ctt gat gaa gag ctt gaa 833 Glu Asp Asp Glu Glu Asp Trp Glu Asp Glu Leu Asp Glu Glu Leu Glu 155 160 165 gac atc aac ccg gag ttt tta gtg gga gat cct gaa gaa gtc gac cgg 881 Asp Ile Asn Pro Glu Phe Leu Val Gly Asp Pro Glu Glu Val Asp Arg 170 175 180 gaa aac cct ggc gtt acc caa ctt aat cgc ctt gca gca cat ccc cct 929 Glu Asn Pro Gly Val Thr Gln Leu Asn Arg Leu Ala Ala His Pro Pro 185 190 195 200 ttc gcc agc tgg cgt aat agc gaa gag gcc cgc acc gat cgc cct tcc 977 Phe Ala Ser Trp Arg Asn Ser Glu Glu Ala Arg Thr Asp Arg Pro Ser 205 210 215 caa cag ttg cgc agc ctg aat ggc gaa tgg cgc ttt gcc tgg ttt ccg 1025 Gln Gln Leu Arg Ser Leu Asn Gly Glu Trp Arg Phe Ala Trp Phe Pro 220 225 230 gca cca gaa gcg gtg ccg gaa agc tgg ctg gag tgc gat ctt cct gag 1073 Ala Pro Glu Ala Val Pro Glu Ser Trp Leu Glu Cys Asp Leu Pro Glu 235 240 245 gcc gat act gtc gtc gtc ccc tca aac tgg cag atg cac ggt tac gat 1121 Ala Asp Thr Val Val Val Pro Ser Asn Trp Gln Met His Gly Tyr Asp 250 255 260 gcg ccc atc tac acc aac gta acc tat ccc att acg gtc aat ccg ccg 1169 Ala Pro Ile Tyr Thr Asn Val Thr Tyr Pro Ile Thr Val Asn Pro Pro 265 270 275 280 ttt gtt ccc acg gag aat ccg acg ggt tgt tac tcg ctc aca ttt aat 1217 Phe Val Pro Thr Glu Asn Pro Thr Gly Cys Tyr Ser Leu Thr Phe Asn 285 290 295 gtt gat gaa agc tgg cta cag gaa ggc cag acg cga att att ttt gat 1265 Val Asp Glu Ser Trp Leu Gln Glu Gly Gln Thr Arg Ile Ile Phe Asp 300 305 310 ggc gtt aac tcg gcg ttt cat ctg tgg tgc aac ggg cgc tgg gtc ggt 1313 Gly Val Asn Ser Ala Phe His Leu Trp Cys Asn Gly Arg Trp Val Gly 315 320 325 tac ggc cag gac agt cgt ttg ccg tct gaa ttt gac ctg agc gca ttt 1361 Tyr Gly Gln Asp Ser Arg Leu Pro Ser Glu Phe Asp Leu Ser Ala Phe 330 335 340 tta cgc gcc gga gaa aac cgc ctc gcg gtg atg gtg ctg cgt tgg agt 1409 Leu Arg Ala Gly Glu Asn Arg Leu Ala Val Met Val Leu Arg Trp Ser 345 350 355 360 gac ggc agt tat ctg gaa gat cag gat atg tgg cgg atg agc ggc att 1457 Asp Gly Ser Tyr Leu Glu Asp Gln Asp Met Trp Arg Met Ser Gly Ile 365 370 375 ttc cgt gac gtc tcg ttg ctg cat aaa ccg act aca caa atc agc gat 1505 Phe Arg Asp Val Ser Leu Leu His Lys Pro Thr Thr Gln Ile Ser Asp 380 385 390 ttc cat gtt gcc act cgc ttt aat gat gat ttc agc cgc gct gta ctg 1553 Phe His Val Ala Thr Arg Phe Asn Asp Asp Phe Ser Arg Ala Val Leu 395 400 405 gag gct gaa gtt cag atg tgc ggc gag ttg cgt gac tac cta cgg gta 1601 Glu Ala Glu Val Gln Met Cys Gly Glu Leu Arg Asp Tyr Leu Arg Val 410 415 420 aca gtt tct tta tgg cag ggt gaa acg cag gtc gcc agc ggc acc gcg 1649 Thr Val Ser Leu Trp Gln Gly Glu Thr Gln Val Ala Ser Gly Thr Ala 425 430 435 440 cct ttc ggc ggt gaa att atc gat gag cgt ggt ggt tat gcc gat cgc 1697 Pro Phe Gly Gly Glu Ile Ile Asp Glu Arg Gly Gly Tyr Ala Asp Arg 445 450 455 gtc aca cta cgt ctg aac gtc gaa aac ccg aaa ctg tgg agc gcc gaa 1745 Val Thr Leu Arg Leu Asn Val Glu Asn Pro Lys Leu Trp Ser Ala Glu 460 465 470 atc ccg aat ctc tat cgt gcg gtg gtt gaa ctg cac acc gcc gac ggc 1793 Ile Pro Asn Leu Tyr Arg Ala Val Val Glu Leu His Thr Ala Asp Gly 475 480 485 acg ctg att gaa gca gaa gcc tgc gat gtc ggt ttc cgc gag gtg cgg 1841 Thr Leu Ile Glu Ala Glu Ala Cys Asp Val Gly Phe Arg Glu Val Arg 490 495 500 att gaa aat ggt ctg ctg ctg ctg aac ggc aag ccg ttg ctg att cga 1889 Ile Glu Asn Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Asn Gly Lys Pro Leu Leu Ile Arg 505 510 515 520 ggc gtt aac cgt cac gag cat cat cct ctg cat ggt cag gtc atg gat 1937 Gly Val Asn Arg His Glu His His Pro Leu His Gly Gln Val Met Asp 525 530 535 gag cag acg atg gtg cag gat atc ctg ctg atg aag cag aac aac ttt 1985 Glu Gln Thr Met Val Gln Asp Ile Leu Leu Met Lys Gln Asn Asn Phe 540 545 550 aac gcc gtg cgc tgt tcg cat tat ccg aac cat ccg ctg tgg tac acg 2033 Asn Ala Val Arg Cys Ser His Tyr Pro Asn His Pro Leu Trp Tyr Thr 555 560 565 ctg tgc gac cgc tac ggc ctg tat gtg gtg gat gaa gcc aat att gaa 2081 Leu Cys Asp Arg Tyr Gly Leu Tyr Val Val Asp Glu Ala Asn Ile Glu 570 575 580 acc cac ggc atg gtg cca atg aat cgt ctg acc gat gat ccg cgc tgg 2129 Thr His Gly Met Val Pro Met Asn Arg Leu Thr Asp Asp Pro Arg Trp 585 590 595 600 cta ccg gcg atg agc gaa cgc gta acg cga atg gtg cag cgc gat cgt 2177 Leu Pro Ala Met Ser Glu Arg Val Thr Arg Met Val Gln Arg Asp Arg 605 610 615 aat cac ccg agt gtg atc atc tgg tcg ctg ggg aat gaa tca ggc cac 2225 Asn His Pro Ser Val Ile Ile Trp Ser Leu Gly Asn Glu Ser Gly His 620 625 630 ggc gct aat cac gac gcg ctg tat cgc tgg atc aaa tct gtc gat cct 2273 Gly Ala Asn His Asp Ala Leu Tyr Arg Trp Ile Lys Ser Val Asp Pro 635 640 645 tcc cgc ccg gtg cag tat gaa ggc ggc gga gcc gac acc acg gcc acc 2321 Ser Arg Pro Val Gln Tyr Glu Gly Gly Gly Ala Asp Thr Thr Ala Thr 650 655 660 gat att att tgc ccg atg tac gcg cgc gtg gat gaa gac cag ccc ttc 2369 Asp Ile Ile Cys Pro Met Tyr Ala Arg Val Asp Glu Asp Gln Pro Phe 665 670 675 680 ccg gct gtg ccg aaa tgg tcc atc aaa aaa tgg ctt tcg cta cct gga 2417 Pro Ala Val Pro Lys Trp Ser Ile Lys Lys Trp Leu Ser Leu Pro Gly 685 690 695 gag acg cgc ccg ctg atc ctt tgc gaa tac gcc cac gcg atg ggt aac 2465 Glu Thr Arg Pro Leu Ile Leu Cys Glu Tyr Ala His Ala Met Gly Asn 700 705 710 agt ctt ggc ggt ttc gct aaa tac tgg cag gcg ttt cgt cag tat ccc 2513 Ser Leu Gly Gly Phe Ala Lys Tyr Trp Gln Ala Phe Arg Gln Tyr Pro 715 720 725 cgt tta cag ggc ggc ttc gtc tgg gac tgg gtg gat cag tcg ctg att 2561 Arg Leu Gln Gly Gly Phe Val Trp Asp Trp Val Asp Gln Ser Leu Ile 730 735 740 aaa tat gat gaa aac ggc aac ccg tgg tcg gct tac ggc ggt gat ttt 2609 Lys Tyr Asp Glu Asn Gly Asn Pro Trp Ser Ala Tyr Gly Gly Asp Phe 745 750 755 760 ggc gat acg ccg aac gat cgc cag ttc tgt atg aac ggt ctg gtc ttt 2657 Gly Asp Thr Pro Asn Asp Arg Gln Phe Cys Met Asn Gly Leu Val Phe 765 770 775 gcc gac cgc acg ccg cat cca gcg ctg acg gaa gca aaa cac cag cag 2705 Ala Asp Arg Thr Pro His Pro Ala Leu Thr Glu Ala Lys His Gln Gln 780 785 790 cag ttt ttc cag ttc cgt tta tcc ggg caa acc atc gaa gtg acc agc 2753 Gln Phe Phe Gln Phe Arg Leu Ser Gly Gln Thr Ile Glu Val Thr Ser 795 800 805 gaa tac ctg ttc cgt cat agc gat aac gag ctc ctg cac tgg atg gtg 2801 Glu Tyr Leu Phe Arg His Ser Asp Asn Glu Leu Leu His Trp Met Val 810 815 820 gcg ctg gat ggt aag ccg ctg gca agc ggt gaa gtg cct ctg gat gtc 2849 Ala Leu Asp Gly Lys Pro Leu Ala Ser Gly Glu Val Pro Leu Asp Val 825 830 835 840 gct cca caa ggt aaa cag ttg att gaa ctg cct gaa cta ccg cag ccg 2897 Ala Pro Gln Gly Lys Gln Leu Ile Glu Leu Pro Glu Leu Pro Gln Pro 845 850 855 gag agc gcc ggg caa ctc tgg ctc aca gta cgc gta gtg caa ccg aac 2945 Glu Ser Ala Gly Gln Leu Trp Leu Thr Val Arg Val Val Gln Pro Asn 860 865 870 gcg acc gca tgg tca gaa gcc ggg cac atc agc gcc tgg cag cag tgg 2993 Ala Thr Ala Trp Ser Glu Ala Gly His Ile Ser Ala Trp Gln Gln Trp 875 880 885 cgt ctg gcg gaa aac ctc agt gtg acg ctc ccc gcc gcg tcc cac gcc 3041 Arg Leu Ala Glu Asn Leu Ser Val Thr Leu Pro Ala Ala Ser His Ala 890 895 900 atc ccg cat ctg acc acc agc gaa atg gat ttt tgc atc gag ctg ggt 3089 Ile Pro His Leu Thr Thr Ser Glu Met Asp Phe Cys Ile Glu Leu Gly 905 910 915 920 aat aag cgt tgg caa ttt aac cgc cag tca ggc ttt ctt tca cag atg 3137 Asn Lys Arg Trp Gln Phe Asn Arg Gln Ser Gly Phe Leu Ser Gln Met 925 930 935 tgg att ggc gat aaa aaa caa ctg ctg acg ccg ctg cgc gat cag ttc 3185 Trp Ile Gly Asp Lys Lys Gln Leu Leu Thr Pro Leu Arg Asp Gln Phe 940 945 950 acc cgt gca ccg ctg gat aac gac att ggc gta agt gaa gcg acc cgc 3233 Thr Arg Ala Pro Leu Asp Asn Asp Ile Gly Val Ser Glu Ala Thr Arg 955 960 965 att gac cct aac gcc tgg gtc gaa cgc tgg aag gcg gcg ggc cat tac 3281 Ile Asp Pro Asn Ala Trp Val Glu Arg Trp Lys Ala Ala Gly His Tyr 970 975 980 cag gcc gaa gca gcg ttg ttg cag tgc acg gca gat aca ctt gct gat 3329 Gln Ala Glu Ala Ala Leu Leu Gln Cys Thr Ala Asp Thr Leu Ala Asp 985 990 995 1000 gcg gtg ctg att acg acc gct cac gcg tgg cag cat cag ggg aaa acc 3377 Ala Val Leu Ile Thr Thr Ala His Ala Trp Gln His Gln Gly Lys Thr 1005 1010 1015 tta ttt atc agc cgg aaa acc tac cgg att gat ggt agt ggt caa atg 3425 Leu Phe Ile Ser Arg Lys Thr Tyr Arg Ile Asp Gly Ser Gly Gln Met 1020 1025 1030 gcg att acc gtt gat gtt gaa gtg gcg agc gat aca ccg cat ccg gcg 3473 Ala Ile Thr Val Asp Val Glu Val Ala Ser Asp Thr Pro His Pro Ala 1035 1040 1045 cgg att ggc ctg aac tgc cag ctg gcg cag gta gca gag cgg gta aac 3521 Arg Ile Gly Leu Asn Cys Gln Leu Ala Gln Val Ala Glu Arg Val Asn 1050 1055 1060 tgg ctc gga tta ggg ccg caa gaa aac tat ccc gac cgc ctt act gcc 3569 Trp Leu Gly Leu Gly Pro Gln Glu Asn Tyr Pro Asp Arg Leu Thr Ala 1065 1070 1075 1080 gcc tgt ttt gac cgc tgg gat ctg cca ttg tca gac atg tat acc ccg 3617 Ala Cys Phe Asp Arg Trp Asp Leu Pro Leu Ser Asp Met Tyr Thr Pro 1085 1090 1095 tac gtc ttc ccg agc gaa aac ggt ctg cgc tgc ggg acg cgc gaa ttg 3665 Tyr Val Phe Pro Ser Glu Asn Gly Leu Arg Cys Gly Thr Arg Glu Leu 1100 1105 1110 aat tat ggc cca cac cag tgg cgc ggc gac ttc cag ttc aac atc agc 3713 Asn Tyr Gly Pro His Gln Trp Arg Gly Asp Phe Gln Phe Asn Ile Ser 1115 1120 1125 cgc tac agt caa cag caa ctg atg gaa acc agc cat cgc cat ctg ctg 3761 Arg Tyr Ser Gln Gln Gln Leu Met Glu Thr Ser His Arg His Leu Leu 1130 1135 1140 cac gcg gaa gaa ggc aca tgg ctg aat atc gac ggt ttc cat atg ggg 3809 His Ala Glu Glu Gly Thr Trp Leu Asn Ile Asp Gly Phe His Met Gly 1145 1150 1155 1160 att ggt ggc gac gac tcc tgg agc ccg tca gta tcg gcg gaa ttt cag 3857 Ile Gly Gly Asp Asp Ser Trp Ser Pro Ser Val Ser Ala Glu Phe Gln 1165 1170 1175 ctg agc gcc ggt cgc tac cat tac cag ttg gtc tgg tgt caa aaa 3902 Leu Ser Ala Gly Arg Tyr His Tyr Gln Leu Val Trp Cys Gln Lys 1180 1185 1190 taataata accgggcagg ccatgtctgc ccgtatttcg cgtaaggaaa tccattatgt 3960 actatcgatc agaccagttt ttaatttgtg tgtttccatg 4000 24 1191 PRT Bacillus subtilis 24 Met Ser Glu Tyr Arg Glu Ile Ile Thr Lys Ala Val Val Ala Lys Gly 1 5 10 15 Arg Lys Phe Thr Gln Cys Thr Asn Thr Ile Ser Pro Glu Lys Lys Pro 20 25 30 Ser Ser Ile Leu Gly Gly Trp Ile Ile Asn His Lys Tyr Asp Ala Glu 35 40 45 Lys Ile Gly Lys Thr Val Glu Ile Glu Gly Tyr Tyr Asp Ile Asn Val 50 55 60 Trp Tyr Ser Tyr Ala Asp Asn Thr Lys Thr Glu Val Val Thr Glu Arg 65 70 75 80 Val Lys Tyr Val Asp Val Ile Lys Leu Arg Tyr Arg Asp Asn Asn Tyr 85 90 95 Leu Asp Asp Glu His Glu Val Ile Ala Lys Val Leu Gln Gln Pro Asn 100 105 110 Cys Leu Glu Val Thr Ile Ser Pro Asn Gly Asn Lys Ile Val Val Gln 115 120 125 Ala Glu Arg Glu Phe Leu Ala Glu Val Val Gly Glu Thr Lys Val Val 130 135 140 Val Glu Val Asn Pro Asp Trp Glu Glu Asp Asp Glu Glu Asp Trp Glu 145 150 155 160 Asp Glu Leu Asp Glu Glu Leu Glu Asp Ile Asn Pro Glu Phe Leu Val 165 170 175 Gly Asp Pro Glu Glu Val Asp Arg Glu Asn Pro Gly Val Thr Gln Leu 180 185 190 Asn Arg Leu Ala Ala His Pro Pro Phe Ala Ser Trp Arg Asn Ser Glu 195 200 205 Glu Ala Arg Thr Asp Arg Pro Ser Gln Gln Leu Arg Ser Leu Asn Gly 210 215 220 Glu Trp Arg Phe Ala Trp Phe Pro Ala Pro Glu Ala Val Pro Glu Ser 225 230 235 240 Trp Leu Glu Cys Asp Leu Pro Glu Ala Asp Thr Val Val Val Pro Ser 245 250 255 Asn Trp Gln Met His Gly Tyr Asp Ala Pro Ile Tyr Thr Asn Val Thr 260 265 270 Tyr Pro Ile Thr Val Asn Pro Pro Phe Val Pro Thr Glu Asn Pro Thr 275 280 285 Gly Cys Tyr Ser Leu Thr Phe Asn Val Asp Glu Ser Trp Leu Gln Glu 290 295 300 Gly Gln Thr Arg Ile Ile Phe Asp Gly Val Asn Ser Ala Phe His Leu 305 310 315 320 Trp Cys Asn Gly Arg Trp Val Gly Tyr Gly Gln Asp Ser Arg Leu Pro 325 330 335 Ser Glu Phe Asp Leu Ser Ala Phe Leu Arg Ala Gly Glu Asn Arg Leu 340 345 350 Ala Val Met Val Leu Arg Trp Ser Asp Gly Ser Tyr Leu Glu Asp Gln 355 360 365 Asp Met Trp Arg Met Ser Gly Ile Phe Arg Asp Val Ser Leu Leu His 370 375 380 Lys Pro Thr Thr Gln Ile Ser Asp Phe His Val Ala Thr Arg Phe Asn 385 390 395 400 Asp Asp Phe Ser Arg Ala Val Leu Glu Ala Glu Val Gln Met Cys Gly 405 410 415 Glu Leu Arg Asp Tyr Leu Arg Val Thr Val Ser Leu Trp Gln Gly Glu 420 425 430 Thr Gln Val Ala Ser Gly Thr Ala Pro Phe Gly Gly Glu Ile Ile Asp 435 440 445 Glu Arg Gly Gly Tyr Ala Asp Arg Val Thr Leu Arg Leu Asn Val Glu 450 455 460 Asn Pro Lys Leu Trp Ser Ala Glu Ile Pro Asn Leu Tyr Arg Ala Val 465 470 475 480 Val Glu Leu His Thr Ala Asp Gly Thr Leu Ile Glu Ala Glu Ala Cys 485 490 495 Asp Val Gly Phe Arg Glu Val Arg Ile Glu Asn Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu 500 505 510 Asn Gly Lys Pro Leu Leu Ile Arg Gly Val Asn Arg His Glu His His 515 520 525 Pro Leu His Gly Gln Val Met Asp Glu Gln Thr Met Val Gln Asp Ile 530 535 540 Leu Leu Met Lys Gln Asn Asn Phe Asn Ala Val Arg Cys Ser His Tyr 545 550 555 560 Pro Asn His Pro Leu Trp Tyr Thr Leu Cys Asp Arg Tyr Gly Leu Tyr 565 570 575 Val Val Asp Glu Ala Asn Ile Glu Thr His Gly Met Val Pro Met Asn 580 585 590 Arg Leu Thr Asp Asp Pro Arg Trp Leu Pro Ala Met Ser Glu Arg Val 595 600 605 Thr Arg Met Val Gln Arg Asp Arg Asn His Pro Ser Val Ile Ile Trp 610 615 620 Ser Leu Gly Asn Glu Ser Gly His Gly Ala Asn His Asp Ala Leu Tyr 625 630 635 640 Arg Trp Ile Lys Ser Val Asp Pro Ser Arg Pro Val Gln Tyr Glu Gly 645 650 655 Gly Gly Ala Asp Thr Thr Ala Thr Asp Ile Ile Cys Pro Met Tyr Ala 660 665 670 Arg Val Asp Glu Asp Gln Pro Phe Pro Ala Val Pro Lys Trp Ser Ile 675 680 685 Lys Lys Trp Leu Ser Leu Pro Gly Glu Thr Arg Pro Leu Ile Leu Cys 690 695 700 Glu Tyr Ala His Ala Met Gly Asn Ser Leu Gly Gly Phe Ala Lys Tyr 705 710 715 720 Trp Gln Ala Phe Arg Gln Tyr Pro Arg Leu Gln Gly Gly Phe Val Trp 725 730 735 Asp Trp Val Asp Gln Ser Leu Ile Lys Tyr Asp Glu Asn Gly Asn Pro 740 745 750 Trp Ser Ala Tyr Gly Gly Asp Phe Gly Asp Thr Pro Asn Asp Arg Gln 755 760 765 Phe Cys Met Asn Gly Leu Val Phe Ala Asp Arg Thr Pro His Pro Ala 770 775 780 Leu Thr Glu Ala Lys His Gln Gln Gln Phe Phe Gln Phe Arg Leu Ser 785 790 795 800 Gly Gln Thr Ile Glu Val Thr Ser Glu Tyr Leu Phe Arg His Ser Asp 805 810 815 Asn Glu Leu Leu His Trp Met Val Ala Leu Asp Gly Lys Pro Leu Ala 820 825 830 Ser Gly Glu Val Pro Leu Asp Val Ala Pro Gln Gly Lys Gln Leu Ile 835 840 845 Glu Leu Pro Glu Leu Pro Gln Pro Glu Ser Ala Gly Gln Leu Trp Leu 850 855 860 Thr Val Arg Val Val Gln Pro Asn Ala Thr Ala Trp Ser Glu Ala Gly 865 870 875 880 His Ile Ser Ala Trp Gln Gln Trp Arg Leu Ala Glu Asn Leu Ser Val 885 890 895 Thr Leu Pro Ala Ala Ser His Ala Ile Pro His Leu Thr Thr Ser Glu 900 905 910 Met Asp Phe Cys Ile Glu Leu Gly Asn Lys Arg Trp Gln Phe Asn Arg 915 920 925 Gln Ser Gly Phe Leu Ser Gln Met Trp Ile Gly Asp Lys Lys Gln Leu 930 935 940 Leu Thr Pro Leu Arg Asp Gln Phe Thr Arg Ala Pro Leu Asp Asn Asp 945 950 955 960 Ile Gly Val Ser Glu Ala Thr Arg Ile Asp Pro Asn Ala Trp Val Glu 965 970 975 Arg Trp Lys Ala Ala Gly His Tyr Gln Ala Glu Ala Ala Leu Leu Gln 980 985 990 Cys Thr Ala Asp Thr Leu Ala Asp Ala Val Leu Ile Thr Thr Ala His 995 1000 1005 Ala Trp Gln His Gln Gly Lys Thr Leu Phe Ile Ser Arg Lys Thr Tyr 1010 1015 1020 Arg Ile Asp Gly Ser Gly Gln Met Ala Ile Thr Val Asp Val Glu Val 1025 1030 1035 1040 Ala Ser Asp Thr Pro His Pro Ala Arg Ile Gly Leu Asn Cys Gln Leu 1045 1050 1055 Ala Gln Val Ala Glu Arg Val Asn Trp Leu Gly Leu Gly Pro Gln Glu 1060 1065 1070 Asn Tyr Pro Asp Arg Leu Thr Ala Ala Cys Phe Asp Arg Trp Asp Leu 1075 1080 1085 Pro Leu Ser Asp Met Tyr Thr Pro Tyr Val Phe Pro Ser Glu Asn Gly 1090 1095 1100 Leu Arg Cys Gly Thr Arg Glu Leu Asn Tyr Gly Pro His Gln Trp Arg 1105 1110 1115 1120 Gly Asp Phe Gln Phe Asn Ile Ser Arg Tyr Ser Gln Gln Gln Leu Met 1125 1130 1135 Glu Thr Ser His Arg His Leu Leu His Ala Glu Glu Gly Thr Trp Leu 1140 1145 1150 Asn Ile Asp Gly Phe His Met Gly Ile Gly Gly Asp Asp Ser Trp Ser 1155 1160 1165 Pro Ser Val Ser Ala Glu Phe Gln Leu Ser Ala Gly Arg Tyr His Tyr 1170 1175 1180 Gln Leu Val Trp Cys Gln Lys 1185 1190 25 4173 DNA Bacillus subtilis CDS (461)..(4075) 25 ggatccagtg tccctagctc cgagaaaaaa tccagagaca atttgtttct catcaaggaa 60 gggtctttat actccgcatt taagtgaatc tctcgcgcgc cgcggaatgt tttcggctga 120 taaaaggaaa tatggtatga cttctttttg aagtctctga tatgtgatcc ccgataagcg 180 atatcaatat ccagcctttt ttgatttacc ttcatcacag ctggcaccgg atcatcgtcc 240 catatatcct tttttaattc acgcaagtct tttggatgaa caaacagctg ataaagcggt 300 aaattggatt gattcttcat ccataatcct ccttacaaat tttaggcttt tatttttata 360 agatctcagc ggaacactta tacacttttt aaaaccgcgc gtactatgag ggtagtaagg 420 atcttcatcc ttaacatatt tttaaaagga ggatttcaaa ttg ggc cac tat tcc 475 Leu Gly His Tyr Ser 1 5 cat tct gac atc gaa gaa gcg gtg aaa tcc gca aaa aaa gaa ggt tta 523 His Ser Asp Ile Glu Glu Ala Val Lys Ser Ala Lys Lys Glu Gly Leu 10 15 20 aag gat tat tta tac caa gag cct cat gga aaa aaa cgc agt cat aaa 571 Lys Asp Tyr Leu Tyr Gln Glu Pro His Gly Lys Lys Arg Ser His Lys 25 30 35 aag tcg cac cgc act cac aaa aaa tct cgc agc cat aaa aaa tca tac 619 Lys Ser His Arg Thr His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Tyr 40 45 50 tgc tct cac aaa aaa tct cgc agt cac aaa aaa tca ttc tgt tct cac 667 Cys Ser His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Phe Cys Ser His 55 60 65 aaa aaa tct cgc agc cac aaa aaa tca tac tgc tct cac aag aaa tct 715 Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Tyr Cys Ser His Lys Lys Ser 70 75 80 85 cgc agc cac aaa aaa tcg tac cgt tct cac aaa aaa tct cgc agc tat 763 Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Tyr Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr 90 95 100 aaa aaa tct tac cgt tct tac aaa aaa tct cgt agc tat aaa aaa tct 811 Lys Lys Ser Tyr Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser 105 110 115 tgc cgt tct tac aaa aaa tct cgc agc tac aaa aag tct tac tgt tct 859 Cys Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Tyr Cys Ser 120 125 130 cac aag aaa aaa tct cgc agc tat aag aag tca tgc cgc aca cac aaa 907 His Lys Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Cys Arg Thr His Lys 135 140 145 aaa tct tat cgt tcc cat aag aaa tac tac aaa aaa ccg cac cac cac 955 Lys Ser Tyr Arg Ser His Lys Lys Tyr Tyr Lys Lys Pro His His His 150 155 160 165 tgc gac gac tac aaa aga cac gat gat tat gac agc aaa aaa gaa tac 1003 Cys Asp Asp Tyr Lys Arg His Asp Asp Tyr Asp Ser Lys Lys Glu Tyr 170 175 180 tgg aaa gac ggc aat tgc tgg gta gtc aaa aag aaa tac aaa gtc gac 1051 Trp Lys Asp Gly Asn Cys Trp Val Val Lys Lys Lys Tyr Lys Val Asp 185 190 195 cgg gaa aac cct ggc gtt acc caa ctt aat cgc ctt gca gca cat ccc 1099 Arg Glu Asn Pro Gly Val Thr Gln Leu Asn Arg Leu Ala Ala His Pro 200 205 210 cct ttc gcc agc tgg cgt aat agc gaa gag gcc cgc acc gat cgc cct 1147 Pro Phe Ala Ser Trp Arg Asn Ser Glu Glu Ala Arg Thr Asp Arg Pro 215 220 225 tcc caa cag ttg cgc agc ctg aat ggc gaa tgg cgc ttt gcc tgg ttt 1195 Ser Gln Gln Leu Arg Ser Leu Asn Gly Glu Trp Arg Phe Ala Trp Phe 230 235 240 245 ccg gca cca gaa gcg gtg ccg gaa agc tgg ctg gag tgc gat ctt cct 1243 Pro Ala Pro Glu Ala Val Pro Glu Ser Trp Leu Glu Cys Asp Leu Pro 250 255 260 gag gcc gat act gtc gtc gtc ccc tca aac tgg cag atg cac ggt tac 1291 Glu Ala Asp Thr Val Val Val Pro Ser Asn Trp Gln Met His Gly Tyr 265 270 275 gat gcg ccc atc tac acc aac gta acc tat ccc att acg gtc aat ccg 1339 Asp Ala Pro Ile Tyr Thr Asn Val Thr Tyr Pro Ile Thr Val Asn Pro 280 285 290 ccg ttt gtt ccc acg gag aat ccg acg ggt tgt tac tcg ctc aca ttt 1387 Pro Phe Val Pro Thr Glu Asn Pro Thr Gly Cys Tyr Ser Leu Thr Phe 295 300 305 aat gtt gat gaa agc tgg cta cag gaa ggc cag acg cga att att ttt 1435 Asn Val Asp Glu Ser Trp Leu Gln Glu Gly Gln Thr Arg Ile Ile Phe 310 315 320 325 gat ggc gtt aac tcg gcg ttt cat ctg tgg tgc aac ggg cgc tgg gtc 1483 Asp Gly Val Asn Ser Ala Phe His Leu Trp Cys Asn Gly Arg Trp Val 330 335 340 ggt tac ggc cag gac agt cgt ttg ccg tct gaa ttt gac ctg agc gca 1531 Gly Tyr Gly Gln Asp Ser Arg Leu Pro Ser Glu Phe Asp Leu Ser Ala 345 350 355 ttt tta cgc gcc gga gaa aac cgc ctc gcg gtg atg gtg ctg cgt tgg 1579 Phe Leu Arg Ala Gly Glu Asn Arg Leu Ala Val Met Val Leu Arg Trp 360 365 370 agt gac ggc agt tat ctg gaa gat cag gat atg tgg cgg atg agc ggc 1627 Ser Asp Gly Ser Tyr Leu Glu Asp Gln Asp Met Trp Arg Met Ser Gly 375 380 385 att ttc cgt gac gtc tcg ttg ctg cat aaa ccg act aca caa atc agc 1675 Ile Phe Arg Asp Val Ser Leu Leu His Lys Pro Thr Thr Gln Ile Ser 390 395 400 405 gat ttc cat gtt gcc act cgc ttt aat gat gat ttc agc cgc gct gta 1723 Asp Phe His Val Ala Thr Arg Phe Asn Asp Asp Phe Ser Arg Ala Val 410 415 420 ctg gag gct gaa gtt cag atg tgc ggc gag ttg cgt gac tac cta cgg 1771 Leu Glu Ala Glu Val Gln Met Cys Gly Glu Leu Arg Asp Tyr Leu Arg 425 430 435 gta aca gtt tct tta tgg cag ggt gaa acg cag gtc gcc agc ggc acc 1819 Val Thr Val Ser Leu Trp Gln Gly Glu Thr Gln Val Ala Ser Gly Thr 440 445 450 gcg cct ttc ggc ggt gaa att atc gat gag cgt ggt ggt tat gcc gat 1867 Ala Pro Phe Gly Gly Glu Ile Ile Asp Glu Arg Gly Gly Tyr Ala Asp 455 460 465 cgc gtc aca cta cgt ctg aac gtc gaa aac ccg aaa ctg tgg agc gcc 1915 Arg Val Thr Leu Arg Leu Asn Val Glu Asn Pro Lys Leu Trp Ser Ala 470 475 480 485 gaa atc ccg aat ctc tat cgt gcg gtg gtt gaa ctg cac acc gcc gac 1963 Glu Ile Pro Asn Leu Tyr Arg Ala Val Val Glu Leu His Thr Ala Asp 490 495 500 ggc acg ctg att gaa gca gaa gcc tgc gat gtc ggt ttc cgc gag gtg 2011 Gly Thr Leu Ile Glu Ala Glu Ala Cys Asp Val Gly Phe Arg Glu Val 505 510 515 cgg att gaa aat ggt ctg ctg ctg ctg aac ggc aag ccg ttg ctg att 2059 Arg Ile Glu Asn Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Asn Gly Lys Pro Leu Leu Ile 520 525 530 cga ggc gtt aac cgt cac gag cat cat cct ctg cat ggt cag gtc atg 2107 Arg Gly Val Asn Arg His Glu His His Pro Leu His Gly Gln Val Met 535 540 545 gat gag cag acg atg gtg cag gat atc ctg ctg atg aag cag aac aac 2155 Asp Glu Gln Thr Met Val Gln Asp Ile Leu Leu Met Lys Gln Asn Asn 550 555 560 565 ttt aac gcc gtg cgc tgt tcg cat tat ccg aac cat ccg ctg tgg tac 2203 Phe Asn Ala Val Arg Cys Ser His Tyr Pro Asn His Pro Leu Trp Tyr 570 575 580 acg ctg tgc gac cgc tac ggc ctg tat gtg gtg gat gaa gcc aat att 2251 Thr Leu Cys Asp Arg Tyr Gly Leu Tyr Val Val Asp Glu Ala Asn Ile 585 590 595 gaa acc cac ggc atg gtg cca atg aat cgt ctg acc gat gat ccg cgc 2299 Glu Thr His Gly Met Val Pro Met Asn Arg Leu Thr Asp Asp Pro Arg 600 605 610 tgg cta ccg gcg atg agc gaa cgc gta acg cga atg gtg cag cgc gat 2347 Trp Leu Pro Ala Met Ser Glu Arg Val Thr Arg Met Val Gln Arg Asp 615 620 625 cgt aat cac ccg agt gtg atc atc tgg tcg ctg ggg aat gaa tca ggc 2395 Arg Asn His Pro Ser Val Ile Ile Trp Ser Leu Gly Asn Glu Ser Gly 630 635 640 645 cac ggc gct aat cac gac gcg ctg tat cgc tgg atc aaa tct gtc gat 2443 His Gly Ala Asn His Asp Ala Leu Tyr Arg Trp Ile Lys Ser Val Asp 650 655 660 cct tcc cgc ccg gtg cag tat gaa ggc ggc gga gcc gac acc acg gcc 2491 Pro Ser Arg Pro Val Gln Tyr Glu Gly Gly Gly Ala Asp Thr Thr Ala 665 670 675 acc gat att att tgc ccg atg tac gcg cgc gtg gat gaa gac cag ccc 2539 Thr Asp Ile Ile Cys Pro Met Tyr Ala Arg Val Asp Glu Asp Gln Pro 680 685 690 ttc ccg gct gtg ccg aaa tgg tcc atc aaa aaa tgg ctt tcg cta cct 2587 Phe Pro Ala Val Pro Lys Trp Ser Ile Lys Lys Trp Leu Ser Leu Pro 695 700 705 gga gag acg cgc ccg ctg atc ctt tgc gaa tac gcc cac gcg atg ggt 2635 Gly Glu Thr Arg Pro Leu Ile Leu Cys Glu Tyr Ala His Ala Met Gly 710 715 720 725 aac agt ctt ggc ggt ttc gct aaa tac tgg cag gcg ttt cgt cag tat 2683 Asn Ser Leu Gly Gly Phe Ala Lys Tyr Trp Gln Ala Phe Arg Gln Tyr 730 735 740 ccc cgt tta cag ggc ggc ttc gtc tgg gac tgg gtg gat cag tcg ctg 2731 Pro Arg Leu Gln Gly Gly Phe Val Trp Asp Trp Val Asp Gln Ser Leu 745 750 755 att aaa tat gat gaa aac ggc aac ccg tgg tcg gct tac ggc ggt gat 2779 Ile Lys Tyr Asp Glu Asn Gly Asn Pro Trp Ser Ala Tyr Gly Gly Asp 760 765 770 ttt ggc gat acg ccg aac gat cgc cag ttc tgt atg aac ggt ctg gtc 2827 Phe Gly Asp Thr Pro Asn Asp Arg Gln Phe Cys Met Asn Gly Leu Val 775 780 785 ttt gcc gac cgc acg ccg cat cca gcg ctg acg gaa gca aaa cac cag 2875 Phe Ala Asp Arg Thr Pro His Pro Ala Leu Thr Glu Ala Lys His Gln 790 795 800 805 cag cag ttt ttc cag ttc cgt tta tcc ggg caa acc atc gaa gtg acc 2923 Gln Gln Phe Phe Gln Phe Arg Leu Ser Gly Gln Thr Ile Glu Val Thr 810 815 820 agc gaa tac ctg ttc cgt cat agc gat aac gag ctc ctg cac tgg atg 2971 Ser Glu Tyr Leu Phe Arg His Ser Asp Asn Glu Leu Leu His Trp Met 825 830 835 gtg gcg ctg gat ggt aag ccg ctg gca agc ggt gaa gtg cct ctg gat 3019 Val Ala Leu Asp Gly Lys Pro Leu Ala Ser Gly Glu Val Pro Leu Asp 840 845 850 gtc gct cca caa ggt aaa cag ttg att gaa ctg cct gaa cta ccg cag 3067 Val Ala Pro Gln Gly Lys Gln Leu Ile Glu Leu Pro Glu Leu Pro Gln 855 860 865 ccg gag agc gcc ggg caa ctc tgg ctc aca gta cgc gta gtg caa ccg 3115 Pro Glu Ser Ala Gly Gln Leu Trp Leu Thr Val Arg Val Val Gln Pro 870 875 880 885 aac gcg acc gca tgg tca gaa gcc ggg cac atc agc gcc tgg cag cag 3163 Asn Ala Thr Ala Trp Ser Glu Ala Gly His Ile Ser Ala Trp Gln Gln 890 895 900 tgg cgt ctg gcg gaa aac ctc agt gtg acg ctc ccc gcc gcg tcc cac 3211 Trp Arg Leu Ala Glu Asn Leu Ser Val Thr Leu Pro Ala Ala Ser His 905 910 915 gcc atc ccg cat ctg acc acc agc gaa atg gat ttt tgc atc gag ctg 3259 Ala Ile Pro His Leu Thr Thr Ser Glu Met Asp Phe Cys Ile Glu Leu 920 925 930 ggt aat aag cgt tgg caa ttt aac cgc cag tca ggc ttt ctt tca cag 3307 Gly Asn Lys Arg Trp Gln Phe Asn Arg Gln Ser Gly Phe Leu Ser Gln 935 940 945 atg tgg att ggc gat aaa aaa caa ctg ctg acg ccg ctg cgc gat cag 3355 Met Trp Ile Gly Asp Lys Lys Gln Leu Leu Thr Pro Leu Arg Asp Gln 950 955 960 965 ttc acc cgt gca ccg ctg gat aac gac att ggc gta agt gaa gcg acc 3403 Phe Thr Arg Ala Pro Leu Asp Asn Asp Ile Gly Val Ser Glu Ala Thr 970 975 980 cgc att gac cct aac gcc tgg gtc gaa cgc tgg aag gcg gcg ggc cat 3451 Arg Ile Asp Pro Asn Ala Trp Val Glu Arg Trp Lys Ala Ala Gly His 985 990 995 tac cag gcc gaa gca gcg ttg ttg cag tgc acg gca gat aca ctt gct 3499 Tyr Gln Ala Glu Ala Ala Leu Leu Gln Cys Thr Ala Asp Thr Leu Ala 1000 1005 1010 gat gcg gtg ctg att acg acc gct cac gcg tgg cag cat cag ggg aaa 3547 Asp Ala Val Leu Ile Thr Thr Ala His Ala Trp Gln His Gln Gly Lys 1015 1020 1025 acc tta ttt atc agc cgg aaa acc tac cgg att gat ggt agt ggt caa 3595 Thr Leu Phe Ile Ser Arg Lys Thr Tyr Arg Ile Asp Gly Ser Gly Gln 1030 1035 1040 1045 atg gcg att acc gtt gat gtt gaa gtg gcg agc gat aca ccg cat ccg 3643 Met Ala Ile Thr Val Asp Val Glu Val Ala Ser Asp Thr Pro His Pro 1050 1055 1060 gcg cgg att ggc ctg aac tgc cag ctg gcg cag gta gca gag cgg gta 3691 Ala Arg Ile Gly Leu Asn Cys Gln Leu Ala Gln Val Ala Glu Arg Val 1065 1070 1075 aac tgg ctc gga tta ggg ccg caa gaa aac tat ccc gac cgc ctt act 3739 Asn Trp Leu Gly Leu Gly Pro Gln Glu Asn Tyr Pro Asp Arg Leu Thr 1080 1085 1090 gcc gcc tgt ttt gac cgc tgg gat ctg cca ttg tca gac atg tat acc 3787 Ala Ala Cys Phe Asp Arg Trp Asp Leu Pro Leu Ser Asp Met Tyr Thr 1095 1100 1105 ccg tac gtc ttc ccg agc gaa aac ggt ctg cgc tgc ggg acg cgc gaa 3835 Pro Tyr Val Phe Pro Ser Glu Asn Gly Leu Arg Cys Gly Thr Arg Glu 1110 1115 1120 1125 ttg aat tat ggc cca cac cag tgg cgc ggc gac ttc cag ttc aac atc 3883 Leu Asn Tyr Gly Pro His Gln Trp Arg Gly Asp Phe Gln Phe Asn Ile 1130 1135 1140 agc cgc tac agt caa cag caa ctg atg gaa acc agc cat cgc cat ctg 3931 Ser Arg Tyr Ser Gln Gln Gln Leu Met Glu Thr Ser His Arg His Leu 1145 1150 1155 ctg cac gcg gaa gaa ggc aca tgg ctg aat atc gac ggt ttc cat atg 3979 Leu His Ala Glu Glu Gly Thr Trp Leu Asn Ile Asp Gly Phe His Met 1160 1165 1170 ggg att ggt ggc gac gac tcc tgg agc ccg tca gta tcg gcg gaa ttt 4027 Gly Ile Gly Gly Asp Asp Ser Trp Ser Pro Ser Val Ser Ala Glu Phe 1175 1180 1185 cag ctg agc gcc ggt cgc tac cat tac cag ttg gtc tgg tgt caa aaa 4075 Gln Leu Ser Ala Gly Arg Tyr His Tyr Gln Leu Val Trp Cys Gln Lys 1190 1195 1200 1205 taata ataaccgggc aggccatgtc tgcccgtatt tcgcgtaagg aaatccatta 4130 tgtactatcg atcagaccag tttttaattt gtgtgtttcc atg 4173 26 1205 PRT Bacillus subtilis 26 Leu Gly His Tyr Ser His Ser Asp Ile Glu Glu Ala Val Lys Ser Ala 1 5 10 15 Lys Lys Glu Gly Leu Lys Asp Tyr Leu Tyr Gln Glu Pro His Gly Lys 20 25 30 Lys Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser His Arg Thr His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser 35 40 45 His Lys Lys Ser Tyr Cys Ser His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser His Lys Lys 50 55 60 Ser Phe Cys Ser His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Tyr Cys 65 70 75 80 Ser His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Tyr Arg Ser His Lys 85 90 95 Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Tyr Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Arg 100 105 110 Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Cys Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr Lys 115 120 125 Lys Ser Tyr Cys Ser His Lys Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser 130 135 140 Cys Arg Thr His Lys Lys Ser Tyr Arg Ser His Lys Lys Tyr Tyr Lys 145 150 155 160 Lys Pro His His His Cys Asp Asp Tyr Lys Arg His Asp Asp Tyr Asp 165 170 175 Ser Lys Lys Glu Tyr Trp Lys Asp Gly Asn Cys Trp Val Val Lys Lys 180 185 190 Lys Tyr Lys Val Asp Arg Glu Asn Pro Gly Val Thr Gln Leu Asn Arg 195 200 205 Leu Ala Ala His Pro Pro Phe Ala Ser Trp Arg Asn Ser Glu Glu Ala 210 215 220 Arg Thr Asp Arg Pro Ser Gln Gln Leu Arg Ser Leu Asn Gly Glu Trp 225 230 235 240 Arg Phe Ala Trp Phe Pro Ala Pro Glu Ala Val Pro Glu Ser Trp Leu 245 250 255 Glu Cys Asp Leu Pro Glu Ala Asp Thr Val Val Val Pro Ser Asn Trp 260 265 270 Gln Met His Gly Tyr Asp Ala Pro Ile Tyr Thr Asn Val Thr Tyr Pro 275 280 285 Ile Thr Val Asn Pro Pro Phe Val Pro Thr Glu Asn Pro Thr Gly Cys 290 295 300 Tyr Ser Leu Thr Phe Asn Val Asp Glu Ser Trp Leu Gln Glu Gly Gln 305 310 315 320 Thr Arg Ile Ile Phe Asp Gly Val Asn Ser Ala Phe His Leu Trp Cys 325 330 335 Asn Gly Arg Trp Val Gly Tyr Gly Gln Asp Ser Arg Leu Pro Ser Glu 340 345 350 Phe Asp Leu Ser Ala Phe Leu Arg Ala Gly Glu Asn Arg Leu Ala Val 355 360 365 Met Val Leu Arg Trp Ser Asp Gly Ser Tyr Leu Glu Asp Gln Asp Met 370 375 380 Trp Arg Met Ser Gly Ile Phe Arg Asp Val Ser Leu Leu His Lys Pro 385 390 395 400 Thr Thr Gln Ile Ser Asp Phe His Val Ala Thr Arg Phe Asn Asp Asp 405 410 415 Phe Ser Arg Ala Val Leu Glu Ala Glu Val Gln Met Cys Gly Glu Leu 420 425 430 Arg Asp Tyr Leu Arg Val Thr Val Ser Leu Trp Gln Gly Glu Thr Gln 435 440 445 Val Ala Ser Gly Thr Ala Pro Phe Gly Gly Glu Ile Ile Asp Glu Arg 450 455 460 Gly Gly Tyr Ala Asp Arg Val Thr Leu Arg Leu Asn Val Glu Asn Pro 465 470 475 480 Lys Leu Trp Ser Ala Glu Ile Pro Asn Leu Tyr Arg Ala Val Val Glu 485 490 495 Leu His Thr Ala Asp Gly Thr Leu Ile Glu Ala Glu Ala Cys Asp Val 500 505 510 Gly Phe Arg Glu Val Arg Ile Glu Asn Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Asn Gly 515 520 525 Lys Pro Leu Leu Ile Arg Gly Val Asn Arg His Glu His His Pro Leu 530 535 540 His Gly Gln Val Met Asp Glu Gln Thr Met Val Gln Asp Ile Leu Leu 545 550 555 560 Met Lys Gln Asn Asn Phe Asn Ala Val Arg Cys Ser His Tyr Pro Asn 565 570 575 His Pro Leu Trp Tyr Thr Leu Cys Asp Arg Tyr Gly Leu Tyr Val Val 580 585 590 Asp Glu Ala Asn Ile Glu Thr His Gly Met Val Pro Met Asn Arg Leu 595 600 605 Thr Asp Asp Pro Arg Trp Leu Pro Ala Met Ser Glu Arg Val Thr Arg 610 615 620 Met Val Gln Arg Asp Arg Asn His Pro Ser Val Ile Ile Trp Ser Leu 625 630 635 640 Gly Asn Glu Ser Gly His Gly Ala Asn His Asp Ala Leu Tyr Arg Trp 645 650 655 Ile Lys Ser Val Asp Pro Ser Arg Pro Val Gln Tyr Glu Gly Gly Gly 660 665 670 Ala Asp Thr Thr Ala Thr Asp Ile Ile Cys Pro Met Tyr Ala Arg Val 675 680 685 Asp Glu Asp Gln Pro Phe Pro Ala Val Pro Lys Trp Ser Ile Lys Lys 690 695 700 Trp Leu Ser Leu Pro Gly Glu Thr Arg Pro Leu Ile Leu Cys Glu Tyr 705 710 715 720 Ala His Ala Met Gly Asn Ser Leu Gly Gly Phe Ala Lys Tyr Trp Gln 725 730 735 Ala Phe Arg Gln Tyr Pro Arg Leu Gln Gly Gly Phe Val Trp Asp Trp 740 745 750 Val Asp Gln Ser Leu Ile Lys Tyr Asp Glu Asn Gly Asn Pro Trp Ser 755 760 765 Ala Tyr Gly Gly Asp Phe Gly Asp Thr Pro Asn Asp Arg Gln Phe Cys 770 775 780 Met Asn Gly Leu Val Phe Ala Asp Arg Thr Pro His Pro Ala Leu Thr 785 790 795 800 Glu Ala Lys His Gln Gln Gln Phe Phe Gln Phe Arg Leu Ser Gly Gln 805 810 815 Thr Ile Glu Val Thr Ser Glu Tyr Leu Phe Arg His Ser Asp Asn Glu 820 825 830 Leu Leu His Trp Met Val Ala Leu Asp Gly Lys Pro Leu Ala Ser Gly 835 840 845 Glu Val Pro Leu Asp Val Ala Pro Gln Gly Lys Gln Leu Ile Glu Leu 850 855 860 Pro Glu Leu Pro Gln Pro Glu Ser Ala Gly Gln Leu Trp Leu Thr Val 865 870 875 880 Arg Val Val Gln Pro Asn Ala Thr Ala Trp Ser Glu Ala Gly His Ile 885 890 895 Ser Ala Trp Gln Gln Trp Arg Leu Ala Glu Asn Leu Ser Val Thr Leu 900 905 910 Pro Ala Ala Ser His Ala Ile Pro His Leu Thr Thr Ser Glu Met Asp 915 920 925 Phe Cys Ile Glu Leu Gly Asn Lys Arg Trp Gln Phe Asn Arg Gln Ser 930 935 940 Gly Phe Leu Ser Gln Met Trp Ile Gly Asp Lys Lys Gln Leu Leu Thr 945 950 955 960 Pro Leu Arg Asp Gln Phe Thr Arg Ala Pro Leu Asp Asn Asp Ile Gly 965 970 975 Val Ser Glu Ala Thr Arg Ile Asp Pro Asn Ala Trp Val Glu Arg Trp 980 985 990 Lys Ala Ala Gly His Tyr Gln Ala Glu Ala Ala Leu Leu Gln Cys Thr 995 1000 1005 Ala Asp Thr Leu Ala Asp Ala Val Leu Ile Thr Thr Ala His Ala Trp 1010 1015 1020 Gln His Gln Gly Lys Thr Leu Phe Ile Ser Arg Lys Thr Tyr Arg Ile 1025 1030 1035 1040 Asp Gly Ser Gly Gln Met Ala Ile Thr Val Asp Val Glu Val Ala Ser 1045 1050 1055 Asp Thr Pro His Pro Ala Arg Ile Gly Leu Asn Cys Gln Leu Ala Gln 1060 1065 1070 Val Ala Glu Arg Val Asn Trp Leu Gly Leu Gly Pro Gln Glu Asn Tyr 1075 1080 1085 Pro Asp Arg Leu Thr Ala Ala Cys Phe Asp Arg Trp Asp Leu Pro Leu 1090 1095 1100 Ser Asp Met Tyr Thr Pro Tyr Val Phe Pro Ser Glu Asn Gly Leu Arg 1105 1110 1115 1120 Cys Gly Thr Arg Glu Leu Asn Tyr Gly Pro His Gln Trp Arg Gly Asp 1125 1130 1135 Phe Gln Phe Asn Ile Ser Arg Tyr Ser Gln Gln Gln Leu Met Glu Thr 1140 1145 1150 Ser His Arg His Leu Leu His Ala Glu Glu Gly Thr Trp Leu Asn Ile 1155 1160 1165 Asp Gly Phe His Met Gly Ile Gly Gly Asp Asp Ser Trp Ser Pro Ser 1170 1175 1180 Val Ser Ala Glu Phe Gln Leu Ser Ala Gly Arg Tyr His Tyr Gln Leu 1185 1190 1195 1200 Val Trp Cys Gln Lys 1205 27 47 DNA Artificial Sequence cotG-linker 5′ primer 27 ctattgctgc agtgaacccc cacctccttt gtatttcttt ttgacta 47 28 49 DNA Artificial Sequence CMCase 5′ primer 28 ggcatgctgc aggcatgcgc tagccgatcg gggacaaaaa cgccagtag 49 29 24 DNA Artificial Sequence CMCase 3′ primer 29 gccaaaaaaa agcttaacta attt 24 30 32 DNA Artificial Sequence levU 5′ primer 30 aagtgcctgc agatgttgaa taaagcaggc at 32 31 32 DNA Artificial Sequence levU 3′ primer 31 aatgaaaagc ttttatttat tcaataaaga ca 32 32 32 DNA Artificial Sequence tliA 5′ primer 32 ctgcaggaat tcatgggtgt atttgactac aa 32 33 27 DNA Artificial Sequence tliA 3′ primer 33 gaagcttgcg caaggaagac tgagatg 27 34 2510 DNA Bacillus subtilis CDS (461)..(2491) 34 ggatccagtg tccctagctc cgagaaaaaa tccagagaca atttgtttct catcaaggaa 60 gggtctttat actccgcatt taagtgaatc tctcgcgcgc cgcggaatgt tttcggctga 120 taaaaggaaa tatggtatga cttctttttg aagtctctga tatgtgatcc ccgataagcg 180 atatcaatat ccagcctttt ttgatttacc ttcatcacag ctggcaccgg atcatcgtcc 240 catatatcct tttttaattc acgcaagtct tttggatgaa caaacagctg ataaagcggt 300 aaattggatt gattcttcat ccataatcct ccttacaaat tttaggcttt tatttttata 360 agatctcagc ggaacactta tacacttttt aaaaccgcgc gtactatgag ggtagtaagg 420 atcttcatcc ttaacatatt tttaaaagga ggatttcaaa ttg ggc cac tat tcc 475 Leu Gly His Tyr Ser 1 5 cat tct gac atc gaa gaa gcg gtg aaa tcc gca aaa aaa gaa ggt tta 523 His Ser Asp Ile Glu Glu Ala Val Lys Ser Ala Lys Lys Glu Gly Leu 10 15 20 aag gat tat tta tac caa gag cct cat gga aaa aaa cgc agt cat aaa 571 Lys Asp Tyr Leu Tyr Gln Glu Pro His Gly Lys Lys Arg Ser His Lys 25 30 35 aag tcg cac cgc act cac aaa aaa tct cgc agc cat aaa aaa tca tac 619 Lys Ser His Arg Thr His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Tyr 40 45 50 tgc tct cac aaa aaa tct cgc agt cac aaa aaa tca ttc tgt tct cac 667 Cys Ser His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Phe Cys Ser His 55 60 65 aaa aaa tct cgc agc cac aaa aaa tca tac tgc tct cac aag aaa tct 715 Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Tyr Cys Ser His Lys Lys Ser 70 75 80 85 cgc agc cac aaa aaa tcg tac cgt tct cac aaa aaa tct cgc agc tat 763 Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Tyr Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr 90 95 100 aaa aaa tct tac cgt tct tac aaa aaa tct cgt agc tat aaa aaa tct 811 Lys Lys Ser Tyr Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser 105 110 115 tgc cgt tct tac aaa aaa tct cgc agc tac aaa aag tct tac tgt tct 859 Cys Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Tyr Cys Ser 120 125 130 cac aag aaa aaa tct cgc agc tat aag aag tca tgc cgc aca cac aaa 907 His Lys Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Cys Arg Thr His Lys 135 140 145 aaa tct tat cgt tcc cat aag aaa tac tac aaa aaa ccg cac cac cac 955 Lys Ser Tyr Arg Ser His Lys Lys Tyr Tyr Lys Lys Pro His His His 150 155 160 165 tgc gac gac tac aaa aga cac gat gat tat gac agc aaa aaa gaa tac 1003 Cys Asp Asp Tyr Lys Arg His Asp Asp Tyr Asp Ser Lys Lys Glu Tyr 170 175 180 tgg aaa gac ggc aat tgc tgg gta gtc aaa aag aaa tac aaa gga ggt 1051 Trp Lys Asp Gly Asn Cys Trp Val Val Lys Lys Lys Tyr Lys Gly Gly 185 190 195 ggg ggt tca ctg cag gca tgc gct agc cga tcg ggg aca aaa acg cca 1099 Gly Gly Ser Leu Gln Ala Cys Ala Ser Arg Ser Gly Thr Lys Thr Pro 200 205 210 gta gcc aag aat ggc cag ctt agc ata aaa ggt aca cag ctc gtt aac 1147 Val Ala Lys Asn Gly Gln Leu Ser Ile Lys Gly Thr Gln Leu Val Asn 215 220 225 cga gac ggt aaa gcg gta cag ctg aag ggg atc agt tca cac gga ttg 1195 Arg Asp Gly Lys Ala Val Gln Leu Lys Gly Ile Ser Ser His Gly Leu 230 235 240 245 caa tgg tat gga gaa tat gtc aat aaa gac agc tta aaa tgg ctg agg 1243 Gln Trp Tyr Gly Glu Tyr Val Asn Lys Asp Ser Leu Lys Trp Leu Arg 250 255 260 gac gat tgg ggt atc acc gtt ttc cgt gca gcg atg tat acg gca gat 1291 Asp Asp Trp Gly Ile Thr Val Phe Arg Ala Ala Met Tyr Thr Ala Asp 265 270 275 ggc ggt ata att gac aac ccg tcc gtg aaa aat aaa atg aaa gaa gcg 1339 Gly Gly Ile Ile Asp Asn Pro Ser Val Lys Asn Lys Met Lys Glu Ala 280 285 290 gtt gaa gcg gca aaa gag ctt ggg ata tat gtc atc att gac tgg cat 1387 Val Glu Ala Ala Lys Glu Leu Gly Ile Tyr Val Ile Ile Asp Trp His 295 300 305 atc tta aat gac ggt aat cca aac caa aat aaa gag aag gca aaa gaa 1435 Ile Leu Asn Asp Gly Asn Pro Asn Gln Asn Lys Glu Lys Ala Lys Glu 310 315 320 325 ttc ttc aag gaa atg tca agc ctt tac gga aac acg cca aac gtc att 1483 Phe Phe Lys Glu Met Ser Ser Leu Tyr Gly Asn Thr Pro Asn Val Ile 330 335 340 tat gaa att gca aac gaa cca aac ggt gat gtg aac tgg aag cgt gat 1531 Tyr Glu Ile Ala Asn Glu Pro Asn Gly Asp Val Asn Trp Lys Arg Asp 345 350 355 att aaa ccg tat gcg gaa gaa gtg att tcc gtt atc cgc aaa aat gat 1579 Ile Lys Pro Tyr Ala Glu Glu Val Ile Ser Val Ile Arg Lys Asn Asp 360 365 370 cca gac aac att atc att gtc gga acc ggt aca tgg agc cag gat gtg 1627 Pro Asp Asn Ile Ile Ile Val Gly Thr Gly Thr Trp Ser Gln Asp Val 375 380 385 aat gat gct gcc gat gac cag cta aaa gat gca aac gtt atg gac gca 1675 Asn Asp Ala Ala Asp Asp Gln Leu Lys Asp Ala Asn Val Met Asp Ala 390 395 400 405 ctt cat ttt tat gcc ggc aca cac ggc caa ttt tta cgg gat aaa gca 1723 Leu His Phe Tyr Ala Gly Thr His Gly Gln Phe Leu Arg Asp Lys Ala 410 415 420 aac tat gca ctc agc aaa gga gca cct att ttt gtg aca gag tgg gga 1771 Asn Tyr Ala Leu Ser Lys Gly Ala Pro Ile Phe Val Thr Glu Trp Gly 425 430 435 aca agc gac gcg tct ggc aat ggc ggt gta ttc ctt gat caa tcg agg 1819 Thr Ser Asp Ala Ser Gly Asn Gly Gly Val Phe Leu Asp Gln Ser Arg 440 445 450 gaa tgg ctg aaa tat ctc gac agc aag acc atc agc tgg gtg aac tgg 1867 Glu Trp Leu Lys Tyr Leu Asp Ser Lys Thr Ile Ser Trp Val Asn Trp 455 460 465 aat ctt tct gat aag cag gaa tca tcc tca gct tta aag ccg ggg gca 1915 Asn Leu Ser Asp Lys Gln Glu Ser Ser Ser Ala Leu Lys Pro Gly Ala 470 475 480 485 tct aaa aca ggc ggc tgg cgg ttg tca gat tta tct gct tca gga aca 1963 Ser Lys Thr Gly Gly Trp Arg Leu Ser Asp Leu Ser Ala Ser Gly Thr 490 495 500 ttc gtt aga gaa aac att ctc ggc acc aaa gat tcg acg aag gac att 2011 Phe Val Arg Glu Asn Ile Leu Gly Thr Lys Asp Ser Thr Lys Asp Ile 505 510 515 cct gaa acg cca gca aaa gat aaa ccc aca cag gaa aac ggt att tct 2059 Pro Glu Thr Pro Ala Lys Asp Lys Pro Thr Gln Glu Asn Gly Ile Ser 520 525 530 gta caa tac aga gca ggg gat ggg agt atg aac agc aac caa atc cgt 2107 Val Gln Tyr Arg Ala Gly Asp Gly Ser Met Asn Ser Asn Gln Ile Arg 535 540 545 ccg cag ctt caa ata aaa aat aac ggc aat acc acg gtt gat tta aaa 2155 Pro Gln Leu Gln Ile Lys Asn Asn Gly Asn Thr Thr Val Asp Leu Lys 550 555 560 565 gat gtc act gcc cgt tac tgg tat aac gcg aaa aac aaa ggc caa aac 2203 Asp Val Thr Ala Arg Tyr Trp Tyr Asn Ala Lys Asn Lys Gly Gln Asn 570 575 580 gtt gac tgt gac tac gcg cag ctt gga tgc ggc aat gtg aca tac aag 2251 Val Asp Cys Asp Tyr Ala Gln Leu Gly Cys Gly Asn Val Thr Tyr Lys 585 590 595 ttt gtg acg ttg cat aaa cca aag caa ggt gca gat acc tat ctg gaa 2299 Phe Val Thr Leu His Lys Pro Lys Gln Gly Ala Asp Thr Tyr Leu Glu 600 605 610 ctt gga ttt aaa aac gga acg ctg gca ccg gga gca agc aca ggg aat 2347 Leu Gly Phe Lys Asn Gly Thr Leu Ala Pro Gly Ala Ser Thr Gly Asn 615 620 625 att cag ctt cgt ctt cac aat gat gac tgg agc aat tat gca caa agc 2395 Ile Gln Leu Arg Leu His Asn Asp Asp Trp Ser Asn Tyr Ala Gln Ser 630 635 640 645 ggc gat tat tcc ttt ttc aaa tca aat acg ttt aaa aca acg aaa aaa 2443 Gly Asp Tyr Ser Phe Phe Lys Ser Asn Thr Phe Lys Thr Thr Lys Lys 650 655 660 atc aca tta tat gat caa gga aaa ctg att tgg gga aca gaa cca aat 2491 Ile Thr Leu Tyr Asp Gln Gly Lys Leu Ile Trp Gly Thr Glu Pro Asn 665 670 675 tagttaagc tttttttggc 2510 35 677 PRT Bacillus subtilis 35 Leu Gly His Tyr Ser His Ser Asp Ile Glu Glu Ala Val Lys Ser Ala 1 5 10 15 Lys Lys Glu Gly Leu Lys Asp Tyr Leu Tyr Gln Glu Pro His Gly Lys 20 25 30 Lys Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser His Arg Thr His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser 35 40 45 His Lys Lys Ser Tyr Cys Ser His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser His Lys Lys 50 55 60 Ser Phe Cys Ser His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Tyr Cys 65 70 75 80 Ser His Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser His Lys Lys Ser Tyr Arg Ser His Lys 85 90 95 Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Tyr Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Arg 100 105 110 Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Cys Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr Lys 115 120 125 Lys Ser Tyr Cys Ser His Lys Lys Lys Ser Arg Ser Tyr Lys Lys Ser 130 135 140 Cys Arg Thr His Lys Lys Ser Tyr Arg Ser His Lys Lys Tyr Tyr Lys 145 150 155 160 Lys Pro His His His Cys Asp Asp Tyr Lys Arg His Asp Asp Tyr Asp 165 170 175 Ser Lys Lys Glu Tyr Trp Lys Asp Gly Asn Cys Trp Val Val Lys Lys 180 185 190 Lys Tyr Lys Gly Gly Gly Gly Ser Leu Gln Ala Cys Ala Ser Arg Ser 195 200 205 Gly Thr Lys Thr Pro Val Ala Lys Asn Gly Gln Leu Ser Ile Lys Gly 210 215 220 Thr Gln Leu Val Asn Arg Asp Gly Lys Ala Val Gln Leu Lys Gly Ile 225 230 235 240 Ser Ser His Gly Leu Gln Trp Tyr Gly Glu Tyr Val Asn Lys Asp Ser 245 250 255 Leu Lys Trp Leu Arg Asp Asp Trp Gly Ile Thr Val Phe Arg Ala Ala 260 265 270 Met Tyr Thr Ala Asp Gly Gly Ile Ile Asp Asn Pro Ser Val Lys Asn 275 280 285 Lys Met Lys Glu Ala Val Glu Ala Ala Lys Glu Leu Gly Ile Tyr Val 290 295 300 Ile Ile Asp Trp His Ile Leu Asn Asp Gly Asn Pro Asn Gln Asn Lys 305 310 315 320 Glu Lys Ala Lys Glu Phe Phe Lys Glu Met Ser Ser Leu Tyr Gly Asn 325 330 335 Thr Pro Asn Val Ile Tyr Glu Ile Ala Asn Glu Pro Asn Gly Asp Val 340 345 350 Asn Trp Lys Arg Asp Ile Lys Pro Tyr Ala Glu Glu Val Ile Ser Val 355 360 365 Ile Arg Lys Asn Asp Pro Asp Asn Ile Ile Ile Val Gly Thr Gly Thr 370 375 380 Trp Ser Gln Asp Val Asn Asp Ala Ala Asp Asp Gln Leu Lys Asp Ala 385 390 395 400 Asn Val Met Asp Ala Leu His Phe Tyr Ala Gly Thr His Gly Gln Phe 405 410 415 Leu Arg Asp Lys Ala Asn Tyr Ala Leu Ser Lys Gly Ala Pro Ile Phe 420 425 430 Val Thr Glu Trp Gly Thr Ser Asp Ala Ser Gly Asn Gly Gly Val Phe 435 440 445 Leu Asp Gln Ser Arg Glu Trp Leu Lys Tyr Leu Asp Ser Lys Thr Ile 450 455 460 Ser Trp Val Asn Trp Asn Leu Ser Asp Lys Gln Glu Ser Ser Ser Ala 465 470 475 480 Leu Lys Pro Gly Ala Ser Lys Thr Gly Gly Trp Arg Leu Ser Asp Leu 485 490 495 Ser Ala Ser Gly Thr Phe Val Arg Glu Asn Ile Leu Gly Thr Lys Asp 500 505 510 Ser Thr Lys Asp Ile Pro Glu Thr Pro Ala Lys Asp Lys Pro Thr Gln 515 520 525 Glu Asn Gly Ile Ser Val Gln Tyr Arg Ala Gly Asp Gly Ser Met Asn 530 535 540 Ser Asn Gln Ile Arg Pro Gln Leu Gln Ile Lys Asn Asn Gly Asn Thr 545 550 555 560 Thr Val Asp Leu Lys Asp Val Thr Ala Arg Tyr Trp Tyr Asn Ala Lys 565 570 575 Asn Lys Gly Gln Asn Val Asp Cys Asp Tyr Ala Gln Leu Gly Cys Gly 580 585 590 Asn Val Thr Tyr Lys Phe Val Thr Leu His Lys Pro Lys Gln Gly Ala 595 600 605 Asp Thr Tyr Leu Glu Leu Gly Phe Lys Asn Gly Thr Leu Ala Pro Gly 610 615 620 Ala Ser Thr Gly Asn Ile Gln Leu Arg Leu His Asn Asp Asp Trp Ser 625 630 635 640 Asn Tyr Ala Gln Ser Gly Asp Tyr Ser Phe Phe Lys Ser Asn Thr Phe 645 650 655 Lys Thr Thr Lys Lys Ile Thr Leu Tyr Asp Gln Gly Lys Leu Ile Trp 660 665 670 Gly Thr Glu Pro Asn 675 36 24 PRT Hepatitis B virus 36 Met Gln Trp Asn Ser Thr Thr Phe His Leu Gln Asp Pro Arg Val Arg 1 5 10 15 Gly Leu Tyr Phe Pro Ala Gly Gly 20 37 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Fv 5′ primer 37 gaggctagct cgactgagga gtctggagga 30 38 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Fv 3′ primer 38 ggagggccct taacgtttta tttccaggta 30 39 29 DNA Artificial Sequence egfp 5′ primer 39 cggctagcgc tatggtgagc aagggcgag 29 40 32 DNA Artificial Sequence egfp 3′ primer 40 gcgggcccaa gcttttactt gtacagctcg tc 32 41 32 DNA Artificial Sequence gfpuv 5′ primer 41 gcggatccct gcagatgagt aaaggagaag aa 32 42 32 DNA Artificial Sequence gfpuv 3′ primer 42 cgaagcttga attcttattt gtagagctca tc 32 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for displaying a protein of interest on spore surface, which comprises the steps of: (i) preparing a vector for spore surface display comprising a gene construct containing a gene encoding spore coat protein and a gene encoding a protein of interest, wherein, when expressed, the gene construct expresses a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the protein of interest; (ii) transforming a host cell with the vector for spore surface display; (iii) displaying the protein of interest on a surface of a spore of the host cell; and (iv) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the protein of interest.
 2. A method for improving a protein of interest, which comprises the steps of: (i) constructing a gene library of the protein of interest; (ii) preparing a vector by linking the gene library to a gene encoding spore coat protein; (iii) transforming a spore-forming host cell with the vector; (iv) forming a spore in the transformed host cell and displaying the protein of interest on a surface of the spore; (v) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the protein of interest; and (vi) screening the spore displaying a variant of the protein of interest having a desired property.
 3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the screening is performed by means of measuring an activity of the protein or flow cytometry.
 4. A method for improving a protein of interest using a resistance property of spore, which comprises the steps of: (i) constructing a gene library of the protein of interest; (ii) preparing a vector by linking the gene library to a gene encoding spore coat protein; (iii) transforming a spore-forming host cell with the vector; (iv) forming a spore in the transformed host cell and displaying the protein of interest on a surface of the spore; (v) treating the spore displaying on its surface the protein of interest with one or more selected from the group consisting of organic solvent, heat, acid, base, oxidant, dryness, surfactant and protease; (vi) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the protein of interest; and (vii) screening the spore displaying a variant of the protein of interest having a resistance to the treatment.
 5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the screening is performed using an activity of the protein or a structural stability of the protein.
 6. A method for bioconversion, which comprises the steps of: (i) preparing a vector for spore surface display comprising a gene construct containing a gene encoding spore coat protein and a gene encoding a protein of interest conducting a bioconversion reaction, wherein, when expressed, the gene construct expresses a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the protein of interest; (ii) transforming a host cell with the vector for spore surface display; (iii) displaying the protein of interest on a surface of a spore of the host cell; (iv) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the protein of interest; and (v) performing the bioconversion reaction using the spore displaying on its surface the protein of interest.
 7. A method for preparing protein microarray, which comprises the steps of: (i) preparing a vector for spore surface display comprising a gene construct containing a gene encoding spore coat protein and a gene encoding antibody or antigen having binding affinity to a protein to be analyzed, wherein, when expressed, the gene construct expresses a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the antibody or antigen; (ii) transforming a host cell with the vector for spore surface display; (iii) displaying the antibody or antigen on a surface of a spore of the host cell; (iv) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the antibody or antigen; and (v) immobilizing onto a solid surface the spore displaying on its surface the antibody or antigen.
 8. A method producing an antibody to antigen in vertebrates, which comprises the steps of: (i) preparing a vector for spore surface display comprising a gene construct containing a gene encoding spore coat protein and a gene encoding the antigen, wherein, when expressed, the gene construct expresses a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the antigen; (ii) transforming a host cell with the vector for spore surface display; (iii) displaying the antigen on a surface of a spore of the host cell; (iv) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the antigen; and (v) administering to vertebrates a composition containing an immunologically effective amount of the spore displaying on its surface the antigen.
 9. A method for preparing a whole cell absorber, which comprises the steps of: (i) preparing a vector for spore surface display comprising a gene construct containing a gene encoding spore coat protein and a gene encoding a protein having a binding affinity to a certain substance, wherein, when expressed, the gene construct expresses a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the protein; (ii) transforming a host cell with the vector for spore surface display; (iii) displaying the protein on a surface of a spore of the host cell; (iv) recovering the spore displaying on its surface the protein; and (v) immobilizing onto a carrier the spore displaying on its surface the protein.
 10. The method according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the gene encoding spore coat protein is derived from a spore-forming Gram negative bacterium including Myxococcus, a spore-forming Gram positive bacterium including Bacillus, a spore-forming Actionmycete, a spore-forming yeast or a spore-forming fungus.
 11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the gene encoding spore coat protein is derived from a spore-forming Gram positive bacterium.
 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the gene encoding spore coat protein is derived from Bacillus.
 13. The method according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the gene encoding spore coat protein is selected from the group consisting of cotA, cotB, cotC, cotD, cotE, cotF, cotG, cotH, cotJA, cotJC, cotK, cotL, cotM, cotS, cotT, cotV, cotW, cotX, cotY, cotZ, spoIVA, spoVID and sodA.
 14. The method according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the gene encoding spore coat protein is selected from the group consisting of cotA, cotE, cotF, cotG, cotH, cotJA, cotJC, cotK, cotL, cotM, cotS, cotT, cotV, cotW, cotX, cotY, cotZ, spoIVA, spoVID and sodA.
 15. The method according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the gene encoding spore coat protein is a modified form or a recombinant form of one selected from the group consisting of cotA, cotB, cotC, cotD, cotE, cotF, cotG, cotH, cotJA, cotJC, cotK, cotL, cotM, cotS, cotT, cotV, cotW, cotX, cotY, cotZ, spoIVA, spoVID and sodA, in which the modified form or the recombinant form has a more compatibility for spore surface display relative to wild type genes.
 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the modified form of the gene encoding spore coat protein is obtained by a method selected from the group consisting of DNA shuffling method, StEP method, RPR method, molecular breeding method, ITCHY method, error-prone PCR, point mutagenesis, nucleotide mutagenesis, combinatorial cassette mutagenesis and other suitable random mutagenesis.
 17. The method according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the gene encoding spore coat protein is selected from the group consisting of cotA, cotB, cotC, cotD, cotE, cotF, cotG, cotH, cotJA, cotJC, cotK, cotL, cotM, cotS, cotT, cotV, cotW, cotX, cotY, cotZ, spoIVA, spoVID and sodA, in which the gene has a substituted promoter for its promoter to enhance spore surface display relative to wild type genes.
 18. The method according to claim 13, wherein the gene encoding spore coat protein is cotE or cotG.
 19. The method according to claim 14, wherein the gene encoding spore coat protein is cotE or cotG.
 20. The method according to claim 15, wherein the gene encoding spore coat protein is cotE or cotG.
 21. The method according to claim 16, wherein the gene encoding spore coat protein is cotE or cotG.
 22. The method according to claim 16, wherein the gene encoding spore coat protein is cotE or cotG.
 23. The method according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of enzyme, enzyme inhibitor, hormone, hormone analogue, hormone receptor, signal transduction protein, antibody, monoclonal antibody, antigen, adhesive protein, structural protein, regulatory protein, toxin protein, cytokine, transcription regulatory protein, blood clotting protein, plant protection-inducing protein and fragments thereof.
 24. The method according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the host cell is selected from the group consisting of a spore-forming Gram negative bacterium including Myxococcus, a spore-forming Gram positive bacterium including Bacillus, a spore-forming Actionmycete, a spore-forming yeast or a spore-forming fungus.
 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the host cell is a spore-forming Gram positive bacterium.
 26. The method according to claim 25, wherein the host cell is Bacillus.
 27. The method according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the spore is reproductive or non-reproductive one.
 28. The method according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the recovering is performed in such a manner that the display of the protein of interest on the spore surface is maximized by regulating culture time, after which culturing is terminated and the spore is then recovered.
 29. The method according to any one of claims 2-5, wherein the constructing a gene library is performed by a mutagenesis of the gene encoding the protein of interest of wild type, in which the mutagenesis is selected from the group consisting of DNA shuffling method, StEP method, RPR method, molecular breeding method, ITCHY method, error-prone PCR, point mutagenesis, nucleotide mutagenesis, combinatorial cassette mutagenesis and other suitable random mutagenesis.
 30. A microbial transformant for spore surface display of a protein of interest, characterized in that the transformant is produced by transformation with a vector for spore surface display containing (i) a gene encoding a protein of interest and (ii) a gene encoding spore coat protein is selected from the group consisting of cotA, cotB, cotC, cotD, cotE, cotF, cotG, cotH, cotJA, cotJC, cotK, cotL, cotM, cotS, cotT, cotV, cotW, cotX, cotY, cotZ, spoIVA, spoVID and sodA, in which when expressed, a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the protein of interest is expressed.
 31. The transformant according to claim 30, wherein the transformant is derived from a variant mutated to enhance spore surface display.
 32. The transformant according to claim 31, wherein the mutation to enhance spore surface display eliminates a production of extracellular secretory protease in the transformant, so that the protein of interest displayed on spore surface is stably maintained.
 33. The transformant according to claim 31, wherein the mutation to enhance spore surface display eliminates a production of intracellular protease in the transformant.
 34. A spore for spore surface display of a protein of interest, characterized in that the spore displays the protein of interest on its surface.
 35. The spore according to claim 34, wherein the spore is reproductive or non-reproductive one.
 36. The spore according to claim 35, wherein the spore is non-reproductive one by virtue of one or more methods selected from the group consisting of genetic method, chemical method and physical method.
 37. The spore according to claim 36, wherein the genetic method to make the -spore non-reproductive is accomplished by deleting a gene involved in reproduction of spore.
 38. The spore according to claim 34, wherein the spore is derived from a variant mutated to increase its agglutination property.
 39. The spore according to claim 38, wherein the increase of the agglutination property in the spore is accomplished by one or more methods selected from the group consisting of genetic method, chemical method and physical method.
 40. A vector for spore surface display, characterized in that the vector comprises a replication origin, an antibiotic-resistance gene, a restriction site, a gene encoding a spore coat protein, a gene encoding a protein of interest and a promoter operatively linked to the gene encoding a spore coat protein, in which when expressed, a fusion protein between the spore coat protein and the protein of interest is expressed.
 41. The vector according to claim 40, wherein the gene encoding a spore coat protein is selected from the group consisting of cotA, cotB, cotC, cotD, cotE, cotF, cotG, cotH, cotJA, cotJC, cotK, cotL, cotM, cotS, cotT, cotV, cotW, cotX, cotY, cotZ, spoIVA, spoVID and sodA.
 42. The vector according to claim 41, wherein the gene encoding a spore coat protein is cotE or cotG. 